48 Stefan Guth
158. Strategic Communications Unit Rusatom Overseas, “Desalination Facility
Named a New Product of the Russian Nuclear Industry,” March 3, 2015, <
https://rosatom-europe.com/press-centre/news/114-desalination-facility-nameda-new-product-of-the-russian-nuclear-industry/> [ January 3, 2022]. One such
installation was said to provide 170 000 m 3 of freshwater daily to support a city of
up to one million inhabitants. Leskov, “Energetika.”
159. Leskov, “Energetika.”
160. Ekaterina Tripoten’/Aleksandr Iuzhanin, “Iadernoe opresnenie: Ne presnyi plan
Rosatoma,” in: Atomnyi ekspert 35 (2015) 2, 10–18.
161. Thomas B. Cochran, Introduction, in: Thomas B. Cochran et al. (eds.), Fast Breeder
Reactor Programs: History and Status, Princeton, NJ 2010, 12.
162. For an overview of the domestic and international implications of the Kazakhstani nuclear programme, see Togzhan Kassenova, “Kazakhstan and the Global
Nuclear Order,” in: Central Asian Affairs 1 (2014) 2, 273–286; see also “Konversiia
po-kazakhski. Obzor iadernoi industrii Kazakhstana,” in: Atomnyi ekspert 22–23
(2014) 1–2, 80–89.
163. Kazakhstan’s uranium extraction industry is now centred in the Chu-Sarysu province and has replaced open-pit and shaft mining by more cost-effective and seemingly lower-impact in situ leaching methods.
164. G.A. Batyrbekov, general director of the NNC, to V.L. Levitin, director of
MAEK, Commission for a Feasibility Study on the Construction of a Nuclear
Power and Heating Plant with BMN-170 Reactor to Replace the BN-350 at the
Mangyshlak Energy Combine (City of Aktau), no date [1994], GAMO, f. 506, op.
1, d. 1413, l. 3–7. On the BMN-170, see
165. On the VBER-300, see
[ January 3, 2022].
166. Author‘s interview with Gennadii M. Isakov, head of Kazatomprom’s representative office in Moscow, December 3, 2012, Moscow.
167. Josephson, “Communism.”
168. Joanna Lillis/David Trilling, “Kazakhstan: A Showpiece of Energy Wealth Rises
in the Western Desert,” in: Eurasianet, October 28, 2009, < https://eurasianet
.org/kazakhstan-a-showpiece-of-energy-wealth-rises-in-the-western-desert-0>
[ January 3, 2022].
169. World Nuclear Association, “Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan,”
updated December 2021,
170. This is one of the core arguments of the socio-natural sites paradigm pioneered by
the Vienna school of environmental historians. See Verena Winiwarter/Martin
Schmid/Gert Dressel, “Looking at Half a Millenium of Co-Existence: the Danube
in Vienna as a Socio-Natural Site,” in: Water History 5 (2013), 101–119, 114.
158. Strategic Communications Unit Rusatom Overseas, “Desalination Facility
Named a New Product of the Russian Nuclear Industry,” March 3, 2015, <
https://rosatom-europe.com/press-centre/news/114-desalination-facility-nameda-new-product-of-the-russian-nuclear-industry/> [ January 3, 2022]. One such
installation was said to provide 170 000 m 3 of freshwater daily to support a city of
up to one million inhabitants. Leskov, “Energetika.”
159. Leskov, “Energetika.”
160. Ekaterina Tripoten’/Aleksandr Iuzhanin, “Iadernoe opresnenie: Ne presnyi plan
Rosatoma,” in: Atomnyi ekspert 35 (2015) 2, 10–18.
161. Thomas B. Cochran, Introduction, in: Thomas B. Cochran et al. (eds.), Fast Breeder
Reactor Programs: History and Status, Princeton, NJ 2010, 12.
162. For an overview of the domestic and international implications of the Kazakhstani nuclear programme, see Togzhan Kassenova, “Kazakhstan and the Global
Nuclear Order,” in: Central Asian Affairs 1 (2014) 2, 273–286; see also “Konversiia
po-kazakhski. Obzor iadernoi industrii Kazakhstana,” in: Atomnyi ekspert 22–23
(2014) 1–2, 80–89.
163. Kazakhstan’s uranium extraction industry is now centred in the Chu-Sarysu province and has replaced open-pit and shaft mining by more cost-effective and seemingly lower-impact in situ leaching methods.
164. G.A. Batyrbekov, general director of the NNC, to V.L. Levitin, director of
MAEK, Commission for a Feasibility Study on the Construction of a Nuclear
Power and Heating Plant with BMN-170 Reactor to Replace the BN-350 at the
Mangyshlak Energy Combine (City of Aktau), no date [1994], GAMO, f. 506, op.
1, d. 1413, l. 3–7. On the BMN-170, see
165. On the VBER-300, see
[ January 3, 2022].
166. Author‘s interview with Gennadii M. Isakov, head of Kazatomprom’s representative office in Moscow, December 3, 2012, Moscow.
167. Josephson, “Communism.”
168. Joanna Lillis/David Trilling, “Kazakhstan: A Showpiece of Energy Wealth Rises
in the Western Desert,” in: Eurasianet, October 28, 2009, < https://eurasianet
.org/kazakhstan-a-showpiece-of-energy-wealth-rises-in-the-western-desert-0>
[ January 3, 2022].
169. World Nuclear Association, “Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan,”
updated December 2021,
170. This is one of the core arguments of the socio-natural sites paradigm pioneered by
the Vienna school of environmental historians. See Verena Winiwarter/Martin
Schmid/Gert Dressel, “Looking at Half a Millenium of Co-Existence: the Danube
in Vienna as a Socio-Natural Site,” in: Water History 5 (2013), 101–119, 114.