214 Susanne Bauer
17. Yu.A. Izrael, E.D. Stukin, V.N. Petrov, L. Anspaugh, A. Doury, R.J.C. Kirchmann,
et al., “Nuclear explosions and their environmental contamination,” in Sir Frederick
Warner and René J.C. Kirchmann (eds.), Nuclear Test Explosions. Environmental and
Human Impacts (Chichester: Environmental and Human Impacts, 2000), 33–98, 71.
18. The military organized short evacuations of some settlements to Karaul during the
1953 thermonuclear explosion; Karaul, however, was also affected by fallout.
19. V.N. Mikhailov, I.A. Andryshin, V.V. Bogdan, S.A. Vashchinkin, S.A. Zelentsov,
G.E. Zolutkin, et al., USSR nuclear weapons tests and peaceful nuclear explosions 1949 through 1990. Moscow: Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic
Energy. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (1996).
20. For a recent summary of the formation of these opposition movements, Yemelianova, Galina M. “Muslims of Kazakhstan,” in Muslims of Central Asia: An Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019), 105–128, 105.
21. Alexei Yurchak, Everything was forever, until it was no more. The Last Soviet Generation
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
22. See for instance https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1061504640.
23. On Kazakh folk medicine, Russian orientalism, and Soviet modernization, see
Paula A. Michaels, Curative Powers. Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia (Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005).
24. Lenin, V.I., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th ed. (Moscow, 1975–79), Vol. 36, 15–16.
25. For an assessment of Soviet medicine as world leader during the 1960s, see James D.
Henderson, “Soviet Medicine,” Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne
de Santé Publique, 59, no. 3 (1968): 105–110.
26. Roy, The New Central Asia, 26; Niccolo Pianciola, “The Collectivization Famine
in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 25, no. 3/4 (2001): 237–251;
Sarah Cameron, The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press 2018); see also Penter, this volume.
27. See Roche, this volume; Arkadii Kruglov, The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry
(London: Taylor&Francis, 2002), 14.
28. See contributions by Stephan Guth and Laura Sembritzki (this volume).
29. Locals commonly use the Russian term “polygon” (for proving ground) to refer to
the area of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.
30. See also Magdalena Stawkowski, “Everyday Radioactive Goods? Economic
Development at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan,” Journal of Asian Studies, 76, 2 (2017),
423–436.
31. See the Moscow-based International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) and
its conversion programs, established in 1992, targeting former weapons scientists.
32. E.L. Iakubovskaia, V.I. Nagibin, V.P. Suslin, Semipalatinskii iadernyi poligon—50 let
(The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site—50 years). (Novosibirsk: Sovetskaia Sibir’, 1998);
Bauer et al. “The Legacies of Soviet Nuclear Testing”; see also Penter, this volume.
33. This process resulted in a UN resolution on Semipalatinsk in 1998, see United
Nations General Assembly, International Cooperation and Coordination for the Human
and Ecological Rehabilitations and Economic Development of the Semipalatinsk Region of
Kazakhstan. Report of the Secretary General, 23 September 1998 A/53/424 (New
York, NY: 1998).
34. Michaels, Curative Powers.
35. Nikolai Krementsov, Stalinist Science (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1997); William deJong-Lambert, The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research. An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair (New York, NY: Springer, 2012).
36. See Susanne Bauer, “Mutations in Soviet public health science: Post-Lysenko medical genetics, 1969–1991”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies
in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 47 no. 3 (2014): 163–172.
37. Hirsch, Empire of Nations; Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison
(London: Allen Lane, 1977).
17. Yu.A. Izrael, E.D. Stukin, V.N. Petrov, L. Anspaugh, A. Doury, R.J.C. Kirchmann,
et al., “Nuclear explosions and their environmental contamination,” in Sir Frederick
Warner and René J.C. Kirchmann (eds.), Nuclear Test Explosions. Environmental and
Human Impacts (Chichester: Environmental and Human Impacts, 2000), 33–98, 71.
18. The military organized short evacuations of some settlements to Karaul during the
1953 thermonuclear explosion; Karaul, however, was also affected by fallout.
19. V.N. Mikhailov, I.A. Andryshin, V.V. Bogdan, S.A. Vashchinkin, S.A. Zelentsov,
G.E. Zolutkin, et al., USSR nuclear weapons tests and peaceful nuclear explosions 1949 through 1990. Moscow: Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic
Energy. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (1996).
20. For a recent summary of the formation of these opposition movements, Yemelianova, Galina M. “Muslims of Kazakhstan,” in Muslims of Central Asia: An Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019), 105–128, 105.
21. Alexei Yurchak, Everything was forever, until it was no more. The Last Soviet Generation
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
22. See for instance https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1061504640.
23. On Kazakh folk medicine, Russian orientalism, and Soviet modernization, see
Paula A. Michaels, Curative Powers. Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia (Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005).
24. Lenin, V.I., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th ed. (Moscow, 1975–79), Vol. 36, 15–16.
25. For an assessment of Soviet medicine as world leader during the 1960s, see James D.
Henderson, “Soviet Medicine,” Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne
de Santé Publique, 59, no. 3 (1968): 105–110.
26. Roy, The New Central Asia, 26; Niccolo Pianciola, “The Collectivization Famine
in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 25, no. 3/4 (2001): 237–251;
Sarah Cameron, The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press 2018); see also Penter, this volume.
27. See Roche, this volume; Arkadii Kruglov, The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry
(London: Taylor&Francis, 2002), 14.
28. See contributions by Stephan Guth and Laura Sembritzki (this volume).
29. Locals commonly use the Russian term “polygon” (for proving ground) to refer to
the area of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.
30. See also Magdalena Stawkowski, “Everyday Radioactive Goods? Economic
Development at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan,” Journal of Asian Studies, 76, 2 (2017),
423–436.
31. See the Moscow-based International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) and
its conversion programs, established in 1992, targeting former weapons scientists.
32. E.L. Iakubovskaia, V.I. Nagibin, V.P. Suslin, Semipalatinskii iadernyi poligon—50 let
(The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site—50 years). (Novosibirsk: Sovetskaia Sibir’, 1998);
Bauer et al. “The Legacies of Soviet Nuclear Testing”; see also Penter, this volume.
33. This process resulted in a UN resolution on Semipalatinsk in 1998, see United
Nations General Assembly, International Cooperation and Coordination for the Human
and Ecological Rehabilitations and Economic Development of the Semipalatinsk Region of
Kazakhstan. Report of the Secretary General, 23 September 1998 A/53/424 (New
York, NY: 1998).
34. Michaels, Curative Powers.
35. Nikolai Krementsov, Stalinist Science (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1997); William deJong-Lambert, The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research. An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair (New York, NY: Springer, 2012).
36. See Susanne Bauer, “Mutations in Soviet public health science: Post-Lysenko medical genetics, 1969–1991”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies
in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 47 no. 3 (2014): 163–172.
37. Hirsch, Empire of Nations; Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison
(London: Allen Lane, 1977).