example, if one party buys a tree and plants it,
the buyer and seller benefit, and others may also
benefit from the shade and fruit. Or, if one party
buys a leaf blower with a polluting two-stroke
engine, buyer and seller benefit, but others may
be impacted by air pollution and noise.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) The global
warming potential is a metric that allows direct
comparison of many different climate forcing
agents. The GWP represents the amount of
heat trapped in the atmosphere by a kilogram
of the compound of interest relative to the heat
trapped by a kilogram of CO 2 . Heat-trapping is
determined by integrating the radiative forcing
over a defined time period called the time horizon [7]. For example, the global warming
potential for methane is 72 over a 20-year
time horizon [8].
Green Chemistry Green chemistry is a pollution prevention method that focuses on reducing the use and production of hazardous
substances.
Pollution Pollution is any substance introduced
into the environment that has harmful effects.
Removal Efficiency The removal efficiency (RE
%) is a measure of a pollution control system. It
is determined for a specific component based
on its concentration at the inlet (C in ) and outlet
(C out ) [2]. RE% ¼ 1 À
C out
C in
Á 100. Note that
the removal efficiency, by definition, does not
consider the formation of by-products.
Pressure Drop Pressure drop is a difference in
pressure between two defined points [2].
Dp = p 2 À p 1. For example, there will be
a pressure drop across any system that resists
air flow.
Definition
The aim of industrial emissions control is to protect human health and minimize environmental
impact by reducing air pollution from industrial
emissions. Techniques are traditionally divided
into pollution prevention and end-of-pipe control.
Pollution prevention focuses on minimizing the
possible emissions at the source by modifying or
changing the manufacturing process or by modifying the product itself. Pollution control techniques focus on destroying or trapping pollution.
While pollution has been a problem since the
beginning of human civilization, the modern
trends of industrialization, population growth,
and urbanization have meant exponential increase
in both pollution production and exposure. As a
consequence a great deal of effort is directed
toward decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation using green solutions and
more efficient technologies for pollution control.
A diversity of new techniques have been developed, and traditional methods have been refined
and improved. This entry gives an overview of
many of the current emission control technologies, describing the advantages of different control systems and their efficiency in pollution
removal and their utility in various applications.
It will investigate the economic and regulatory
structure of emissions control and explore its use
in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals.
Introduction
Industrial pollution is linked to the industrial revolution that brought together the combined forces
of population growth, increased population density and industrial activity. The mass production
of commodities and goods by industry required
energy obtained from fuel [7]. Fossil fuel (starting
with coal) was mined at an unprecedented scale,
for heating and power and as a reducing agent.
The engines which powered machines and the
machines themselves were now being built from
metal, driving the growth of mining and refining
[10]. While the industrial revolution contributed
significantly to industrial pollution, pollution
began thousands of years earlier in the Stone
Age, where the first cases of dust pollution in
humans have been identified. People making
stone tools or carving flint from limestone may
have already suffered from silicosis. Further,
hominids living 200,000 years ago have been
discovered with lead poisoning, which may have
been caused by drinking contaminated water
478
Industrial Emissions Control Technologies: Introduction
the buyer and seller benefit, and others may also
benefit from the shade and fruit. Or, if one party
buys a leaf blower with a polluting two-stroke
engine, buyer and seller benefit, but others may
be impacted by air pollution and noise.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) The global
warming potential is a metric that allows direct
comparison of many different climate forcing
agents. The GWP represents the amount of
heat trapped in the atmosphere by a kilogram
of the compound of interest relative to the heat
trapped by a kilogram of CO 2 . Heat-trapping is
determined by integrating the radiative forcing
over a defined time period called the time horizon [7]. For example, the global warming
potential for methane is 72 over a 20-year
time horizon [8].
Green Chemistry Green chemistry is a pollution prevention method that focuses on reducing the use and production of hazardous
substances.
Pollution Pollution is any substance introduced
into the environment that has harmful effects.
Removal Efficiency The removal efficiency (RE
%) is a measure of a pollution control system. It
is determined for a specific component based
on its concentration at the inlet (C in ) and outlet
(C out ) [2]. RE% ¼ 1 À
C out
C in
Á 100. Note that
the removal efficiency, by definition, does not
consider the formation of by-products.
Pressure Drop Pressure drop is a difference in
pressure between two defined points [2].
Dp = p 2 À p 1. For example, there will be
a pressure drop across any system that resists
air flow.
Definition
The aim of industrial emissions control is to protect human health and minimize environmental
impact by reducing air pollution from industrial
emissions. Techniques are traditionally divided
into pollution prevention and end-of-pipe control.
Pollution prevention focuses on minimizing the
possible emissions at the source by modifying or
changing the manufacturing process or by modifying the product itself. Pollution control techniques focus on destroying or trapping pollution.
While pollution has been a problem since the
beginning of human civilization, the modern
trends of industrialization, population growth,
and urbanization have meant exponential increase
in both pollution production and exposure. As a
consequence a great deal of effort is directed
toward decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation using green solutions and
more efficient technologies for pollution control.
A diversity of new techniques have been developed, and traditional methods have been refined
and improved. This entry gives an overview of
many of the current emission control technologies, describing the advantages of different control systems and their efficiency in pollution
removal and their utility in various applications.
It will investigate the economic and regulatory
structure of emissions control and explore its use
in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals.
Introduction
Industrial pollution is linked to the industrial revolution that brought together the combined forces
of population growth, increased population density and industrial activity. The mass production
of commodities and goods by industry required
energy obtained from fuel [7]. Fossil fuel (starting
with coal) was mined at an unprecedented scale,
for heating and power and as a reducing agent.
The engines which powered machines and the
machines themselves were now being built from
metal, driving the growth of mining and refining
[10]. While the industrial revolution contributed
significantly to industrial pollution, pollution
began thousands of years earlier in the Stone
Age, where the first cases of dust pollution in
humans have been identified. People making
stone tools or carving flint from limestone may
have already suffered from silicosis. Further,
hominids living 200,000 years ago have been
discovered with lead poisoning, which may have
been caused by drinking contaminated water
478
Industrial Emissions Control Technologies: Introduction