Low-Cost Sensors for Indoor and
Outdoor Pollution
Louise Bøge Frederickson
1,2
,
Emma Amalie Petersen-Sonn
1 , Yuwei Shen
1 ,
Ole Hertel
3 , Youwei Hong
4 , Johan Schmidt
2 and
Matthew Stanley Johnson
1,2
1 Department of Chemistry, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
2 Airlabs, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus
University, Roskilde, Denmark
4 Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese
Academy of Science, Xiamen, China
Article Outline
Glossary
Definition
Introduction
MOx Sensors
Optical Sensors
Electrochemical Cells
Electrochemical Cells and Metal Oxide Sensors
Comparison Between MOx, Electrochemical, and
Optical Sensors
Personal Exposure Monitoring and Installations
in the Field
Calibration
The Future: Smart Cities and New Materials
Conclusion
Bibliography
Glossary
Band gap A solid will have a density of electronic
states as a function of energy. For example, a
certain solid may have a band of fully occupied
states, a gap or energy range in which there are
no states, and at higher energies, an unoccupied
band. This gap is called the bandgap. Electrons
may be thermally excited from the fully occupied
band into the unoccupied band, resulting in limited conductivity; the solid is then a semiconductor. A solid with a large bandgap is an insulator
and with no bandgap, a conductor. The top of the
occupied states is called the Fermi level [1].
Dynamic range The range of performance of a
sensor: the analyte concentration range
between the highest observable concentration
and the detection limit [2].
Explosion range and limits The explosion
range specifies the concentration range of a
species in air, over which a given compound
can burn or explode. This range extends from
the lower to the upper explosive limit and is
often given in % v/v. The lower limit is defined
as the lowest concentration where a vapor or
gas will burn or explode, whereas the upper
limit is the highest concentration at which the
gas or vapor will burn or explode [3, 4].
Exposure limit The specified threshold of peak
concentration, or average concentration for a
certain period, for a hazardous substance, that a
person can be safely exposed to without endangering health. The exposure limit assures
workers’ occupational health and is often
expressed as an 8 hour time-weighted average
concentration [3–5].
MOF Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are
crystalline compounds consisting of metal
ions or metal clusters, which are linked by
organic ligands in a regular pattern to form
3D structures with pores [6].
Nanowire A nanowire is a highly conducting
nanostructure with a diameter in nanometers
[7, 8].
Resolution Resolution can be used in several
senses. First, the temporal resolution of a sensor is not the data sampling rate but rather the
minimum time for a meaningful measurement,
whether defined by the response time or the
averaging time to get a reasonable signal to
noise. Spatial resolution refers to the density
of measurement sites. Measurement resolution
Louise Bøge Frederickson and Emma Amalie PetersenSonn contributed equally.
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
M. E. Goodsite et al. (eds.), Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0596-7_1084
Originally published in
R. A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,
part of Springer Nature 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1084-1
423
Outdoor Pollution
Louise Bøge Frederickson
1,2
,
Emma Amalie Petersen-Sonn
1 , Yuwei Shen
1 ,
Ole Hertel
3 , Youwei Hong
4 , Johan Schmidt
2 and
Matthew Stanley Johnson
1,2
1 Department of Chemistry, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
2 Airlabs, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus
University, Roskilde, Denmark
4 Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese
Academy of Science, Xiamen, China
Article Outline
Glossary
Definition
Introduction
MOx Sensors
Optical Sensors
Electrochemical Cells
Electrochemical Cells and Metal Oxide Sensors
Comparison Between MOx, Electrochemical, and
Optical Sensors
Personal Exposure Monitoring and Installations
in the Field
Calibration
The Future: Smart Cities and New Materials
Conclusion
Bibliography
Glossary
Band gap A solid will have a density of electronic
states as a function of energy. For example, a
certain solid may have a band of fully occupied
states, a gap or energy range in which there are
no states, and at higher energies, an unoccupied
band. This gap is called the bandgap. Electrons
may be thermally excited from the fully occupied
band into the unoccupied band, resulting in limited conductivity; the solid is then a semiconductor. A solid with a large bandgap is an insulator
and with no bandgap, a conductor. The top of the
occupied states is called the Fermi level [1].
Dynamic range The range of performance of a
sensor: the analyte concentration range
between the highest observable concentration
and the detection limit [2].
Explosion range and limits The explosion
range specifies the concentration range of a
species in air, over which a given compound
can burn or explode. This range extends from
the lower to the upper explosive limit and is
often given in % v/v. The lower limit is defined
as the lowest concentration where a vapor or
gas will burn or explode, whereas the upper
limit is the highest concentration at which the
gas or vapor will burn or explode [3, 4].
Exposure limit The specified threshold of peak
concentration, or average concentration for a
certain period, for a hazardous substance, that a
person can be safely exposed to without endangering health. The exposure limit assures
workers’ occupational health and is often
expressed as an 8 hour time-weighted average
concentration [3–5].
MOF Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are
crystalline compounds consisting of metal
ions or metal clusters, which are linked by
organic ligands in a regular pattern to form
3D structures with pores [6].
Nanowire A nanowire is a highly conducting
nanostructure with a diameter in nanometers
[7, 8].
Resolution Resolution can be used in several
senses. First, the temporal resolution of a sensor is not the data sampling rate but rather the
minimum time for a meaningful measurement,
whether defined by the response time or the
averaging time to get a reasonable signal to
noise. Spatial resolution refers to the density
of measurement sites. Measurement resolution
Louise Bøge Frederickson and Emma Amalie PetersenSonn contributed equally.
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
M. E. Goodsite et al. (eds.), Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0596-7_1084
Originally published in
R. A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,
part of Springer Nature 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1084-1
423