Surface Water” demonstrates how combining
technologies that have previously been taken separately can assist planners in the management of
urban surface water, an important climate adaptation issue.
The next section, “Regional and Global Air
Quality and Effects,” comprises five chapters
discussing the effects of air pollution in terms of
global climate.
Air pollutants comprise both gases and particles. The latter are tiny airborne liquid or solid
droplets ranging from nanometers to tens or even
hundreds of micrometers in size. The entry by
O’Dowd ▶ “Aerosol in Global Atmosphere”
details the impact of aerosol on climate. The
impacts are numerous and complex, and aerosol
in the global atmosphere may have both warming
and cooling effects upon climate.
Johnson et al.’s entry ▶ “Air Pollution and
Climate Change: Sustainability, Restoration, and
Ethical Implications” describes air pollution and
its links to climate change, and in addition the
profound philosophical and ethical quandaries
created by our current dilemma.
Aviation is a significant source of pollutant
emissions. Because of the altitude at which most
of these emissions occur, its effects on groundlevel air quality are modest. The main consequences are due to aviation’s climate impacts,
arising from emissions of greenhouse gases and
water vapor, described in Grassl’s entry ▶ “Aviation and Atmosphere.”
As air pollutants are advected from urban
areas, they are subject to atmospheric transport
leading to impacts on ▶ “Regional Air Quality”
which have important human health and ecosystem effects, described in the entry of this name by
von Schneidemesser and Monks.
Release of long-lived pollutants at ground-level
as well as aircraft emissions lead to ▶ “Stratospheric Pollution” (entry by Chipperfield) with
consequences for stratospheric ozone concentrations, penetration of UV radiation to ground-level,
and global climate.
The last section is titled “Sensors, Measurement, and Control” and comprises four chapters
that primarily focus on monitoring and controlling
air pollution.
The entry ▶ “Air Pollution Monitoring and
Sustainability” (Knox, Evans, Lee and Brook)
discusses the design of monitoring networks and
how monitoring data can inform urban design and
air quality management policy. In addition to
monitoring networks, the monitoring of emissions
sources and remote sensing of the atmosphere on
regional scales from space play important roles.
Frederickson et al.’s ▶ “Low-Cost Sensors for
Indoor and Outdoor Pollution” introduces lowcost methods for sensing indoor and outdoor pollution. Sensing pollution is the key to monitoring,
mitigating and controlling it. The lower the cost,
the greater the potential deployment, especially in
developing markets and as a way to increase the
spatial resolution of current measurement stations.
Edwards, Lawler, Disher, and Radford’s article
on ▶ “Measuring Heatwaves and their Impacts”
details heatwave events that are forecast to
become more frequent and severe. Heatwaves
contribute to air pollution.
Kwiatkowski, Polat, Yu, W, and Johnson, in their
entry ▶ “Industrial Emissions Control Technologies: Introduction” explain novel and innovative
technologies for controlling industrial emissions.
The ‘solution to pollution’ is no longer dilution, it
is clean technology, applying basic science in analogy to natural processes to industrial-scale issues.
Air Pollution Sources, Statistics, and Health Effects: Introduction
3
technologies that have previously been taken separately can assist planners in the management of
urban surface water, an important climate adaptation issue.
The next section, “Regional and Global Air
Quality and Effects,” comprises five chapters
discussing the effects of air pollution in terms of
global climate.
Air pollutants comprise both gases and particles. The latter are tiny airborne liquid or solid
droplets ranging from nanometers to tens or even
hundreds of micrometers in size. The entry by
O’Dowd ▶ “Aerosol in Global Atmosphere”
details the impact of aerosol on climate. The
impacts are numerous and complex, and aerosol
in the global atmosphere may have both warming
and cooling effects upon climate.
Johnson et al.’s entry ▶ “Air Pollution and
Climate Change: Sustainability, Restoration, and
Ethical Implications” describes air pollution and
its links to climate change, and in addition the
profound philosophical and ethical quandaries
created by our current dilemma.
Aviation is a significant source of pollutant
emissions. Because of the altitude at which most
of these emissions occur, its effects on groundlevel air quality are modest. The main consequences are due to aviation’s climate impacts,
arising from emissions of greenhouse gases and
water vapor, described in Grassl’s entry ▶ “Aviation and Atmosphere.”
As air pollutants are advected from urban
areas, they are subject to atmospheric transport
leading to impacts on ▶ “Regional Air Quality”
which have important human health and ecosystem effects, described in the entry of this name by
von Schneidemesser and Monks.
Release of long-lived pollutants at ground-level
as well as aircraft emissions lead to ▶ “Stratospheric Pollution” (entry by Chipperfield) with
consequences for stratospheric ozone concentrations, penetration of UV radiation to ground-level,
and global climate.
The last section is titled “Sensors, Measurement, and Control” and comprises four chapters
that primarily focus on monitoring and controlling
air pollution.
The entry ▶ “Air Pollution Monitoring and
Sustainability” (Knox, Evans, Lee and Brook)
discusses the design of monitoring networks and
how monitoring data can inform urban design and
air quality management policy. In addition to
monitoring networks, the monitoring of emissions
sources and remote sensing of the atmosphere on
regional scales from space play important roles.
Frederickson et al.’s ▶ “Low-Cost Sensors for
Indoor and Outdoor Pollution” introduces lowcost methods for sensing indoor and outdoor pollution. Sensing pollution is the key to monitoring,
mitigating and controlling it. The lower the cost,
the greater the potential deployment, especially in
developing markets and as a way to increase the
spatial resolution of current measurement stations.
Edwards, Lawler, Disher, and Radford’s article
on ▶ “Measuring Heatwaves and their Impacts”
details heatwave events that are forecast to
become more frequent and severe. Heatwaves
contribute to air pollution.
Kwiatkowski, Polat, Yu, W, and Johnson, in their
entry ▶ “Industrial Emissions Control Technologies: Introduction” explain novel and innovative
technologies for controlling industrial emissions.
The ‘solution to pollution’ is no longer dilution, it
is clean technology, applying basic science in analogy to natural processes to industrial-scale issues.
Air Pollution Sources, Statistics, and Health Effects: Introduction
3