Contents xi
5
Conventional Acceleration
75
5.1 Historical introduction
75
5.1.1
Electrostatic accelerators
76
5.1.2
Synchrotrons and linacs
77
5.1.3
Widero ¨e linear accelerator
78
5.1.4
Alvarez drift tube linac
79
5.1.5
Phase focusing
80
5.1.6
Synchrotron oscillations
80
5.2 Waveguides
81
5.2.1
Waves in free space
81
5.2.2
Conducting surfaces
82
5.2.3
Group velocity
82
5.2.4
Dispersion diagram for a waveguide
83
5.2.5
Iris-loaded structures
84
5.3 Cavities
86
5.3.1
Waves in resonant cavities
86
5.3.2
Pill-box cavity
87
5.3.3
Quality factor of a resonator
87
5.3.4
Shunt impedance — R s
88
5.3.5
Energy gain and transit-time factor
88
5.3.6
Kilpatrick limit
89
5.4 Power sources
90
5.4.1
IOT — inductive output tubes
90
5.4.2
Klystron
91
5.4.3
Magnetron
92
5.4.4
Powering the accelerating structure
93
5.5 Longitudinal dynamics
94
5.5.1
Acceleration in RF structures
94
5.5.2
Longitudinal dynamics in a travelling wave
95
5.5.3
Longitudinal dynamics in a synchrotron
95
5.5.4
RF potential — nonlinearity and adiabaticity
99
5.5.5
Synchrotron tune and betatron tune
99
5.5.6
Accelerator technologies and applications
101
6
Plasma Acceleration
105
6.1 Motivations
105
6.1.1
Maximum field in plasma
106
6.2 Early steps of plasma acceleration
107
6.3 Laser intensity and ionization
108
6.3.1
Laser pulse intensity
108
6.3.2
Atomic intensity
108
6.3.3
Progress in laser peak intensity
109
6.3.4
Types of ionization
110
6.3.5
Barrier suppression ionization
110
6.3.6
Normalized vector potential
111
6.3.7
Laser contrast ratio
112
6.3.8
Schwinger intensity limit
113
6.4 The concept of laser acceleration
114
6.4.1
Ponderomotive force
114
5
Conventional Acceleration
75
5.1 Historical introduction
75
5.1.1
Electrostatic accelerators
76
5.1.2
Synchrotrons and linacs
77
5.1.3
Widero ¨e linear accelerator
78
5.1.4
Alvarez drift tube linac
79
5.1.5
Phase focusing
80
5.1.6
Synchrotron oscillations
80
5.2 Waveguides
81
5.2.1
Waves in free space
81
5.2.2
Conducting surfaces
82
5.2.3
Group velocity
82
5.2.4
Dispersion diagram for a waveguide
83
5.2.5
Iris-loaded structures
84
5.3 Cavities
86
5.3.1
Waves in resonant cavities
86
5.3.2
Pill-box cavity
87
5.3.3
Quality factor of a resonator
87
5.3.4
Shunt impedance — R s
88
5.3.5
Energy gain and transit-time factor
88
5.3.6
Kilpatrick limit
89
5.4 Power sources
90
5.4.1
IOT — inductive output tubes
90
5.4.2
Klystron
91
5.4.3
Magnetron
92
5.4.4
Powering the accelerating structure
93
5.5 Longitudinal dynamics
94
5.5.1
Acceleration in RF structures
94
5.5.2
Longitudinal dynamics in a travelling wave
95
5.5.3
Longitudinal dynamics in a synchrotron
95
5.5.4
RF potential — nonlinearity and adiabaticity
99
5.5.5
Synchrotron tune and betatron tune
99
5.5.6
Accelerator technologies and applications
101
6
Plasma Acceleration
105
6.1 Motivations
105
6.1.1
Maximum field in plasma
106
6.2 Early steps of plasma acceleration
107
6.3 Laser intensity and ionization
108
6.3.1
Laser pulse intensity
108
6.3.2
Atomic intensity
108
6.3.3
Progress in laser peak intensity
109
6.3.4
Types of ionization
110
6.3.5
Barrier suppression ionization
110
6.3.6
Normalized vector potential
111
6.3.7
Laser contrast ratio
112
6.3.8
Schwinger intensity limit
113
6.4 The concept of laser acceleration
114
6.4.1
Ponderomotive force
114