List of Figures
1.1 A beam — an ensemble of particles in the vicinity of a reference
particle with phase space coordinate
Z 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.2 Sketch of an early thermionic emission electron source. . . . .
5
1.3 Sketch of one of the earliest electron sources using point cathodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.4 Layout and field distribution of the RF gun at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.5 Drawing of a surface plasma source of the magnetron geometry. 9
1.6 Layout of the first electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion
source that produced multiple charged ions. . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.7 The general principle of the Cockcroft-Walton generator. . . .
12
1.8 Design sketch of the Van de Graaff high voltage generator. . .
13
1.9 Design sketch of the use of the Van de Graaff generator as a
particle accelerator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.10 The principle of the tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. . . . .
15
1.11 Sketch of the principle of the linear accelerator of the Wider¨ oe
type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.12 Illustration of a linear accelerator, designed by E. O. Lawrence
and H. D. Sloan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.13 Sketches illustrating the basic principles of the linear accelerator of the Alvarez type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.14 The structure of the RFQ, the radio-frequency quadrupole linear accelerator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.15 Sketch of the first Free Electron Laser (FEL). . . . . . . . . .
20
1.16 Illustration of the magnet of a betatron. . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.17 Illustration of the first microtron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.18 The principle of the cyclotron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.19 The first model of an FFAG, the Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient accelerator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
1.20 Sketch of the Bevatron, designed to achieve “Billions of eV
Synchrotron,” at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1.21 Layout of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) ring at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (IKP) at Forschungszentrum J¨ ulich,
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
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