680
R. H. de Ruiz and L. E. R. C. Rielli
2012, reaching almost 1,2 million passenger cars in 2017 (Oostendorp e Gebhardt
2018). The city also has 2,900 cars available in car sharing systems (McKinsey and
Company 2016). The bicycle infrastructure is made of 27 thousand stopping points in
metro stations, trains and specially defined places, 963 km of cycling paths, 286 km
cycling lanes on roads and 216 km of joint pedestrian and cycling paths (Berlin
Senate 2017).
The promotion of cycling as transport modal has received attention from national
public policies, with the National Cycling Plan, led by the Ministry of Transportation and Digital Infrastructure. In Berlin, the first broad public policy to promote
cycling as a mode of transport took place during November 2004 with the Transport
Development Plan. The Cycling Strategy is launched as an integral part of public
policy and updated in 2013. In June 2018 the Berlin Mobility Act institutionalizes
the relevance of cycling and new modes (electric light mobility) as fundamental to
the city. The objectives of the Cycling Strategy include: increasing cycling participation from 13% in 2008 to 20% in 2025, an annual increase of 3 to 4%; transfer
of long-distance travel from 3.7 km to 4.6 km in 2025; Increase integration between
public transport and bicycles from 3% of trips to 5%; significantly reduce accidents;
continue expanding and improving cycling infrastructure.
Bike sharing began in the 2000 in Germany with the Munich operation of NextBike
and Call-a-bike, both of Deutsche Bahn. One operator. The system was based on
public tenders and government support. Berlin has initially adopted the Call-a-bike
model, but since 2016 switched to NextBike, which operates a BSS in the dockstation model. Currently, about 18,000 bikes are available for sharing, operated by
NextBike (5,000) and dockless BSS operators, Call-a-bike (3,500), oBike (680),
Mobike (5,000), Lime (1,000) and Donkey Republic and Byke (2,800). There is a
growing demand for electric mobility, with 600 electric bicycles available for sharing
by Lime, JUMP, Lidl and NextBike (Rielli et al. 2019).
Despite rapid growth observed in recent years, BSS have faced difficulties in
acceptance and regulatory compliance. Chinese company ofo, for example, ended
its activities in Berlin after starting with more than 2,000 bicycles, claiming low
acceptance of its business model by several agents.
7 Shanghai, China
With an area of 6,341 km
2 and a population of 24.26 million, Shanghai is one of
the largest cities in the world and China’s economic center. Shanghai’s GDP in 2016
was 2.8 trillion Yuan (about US$415 billion in the 2016 exchange rate), accounting
for 3.6% of China’s total GDP. It has a high-speed road surrounding the most part of
the city, called the Circle Road (Zhang e Mi 2018).
Shanghai adopted a vehicle restriction policy as early as 1994, when there were
only 8 passenger vehicles for every 1,000 persons in China, and private ownership
of vehicles was non-existent. This policy determines that car buyers have to bid
through a “controlled auction” to acquire a license plate for conventional gasoline
R. H. de Ruiz and L. E. R. C. Rielli
2012, reaching almost 1,2 million passenger cars in 2017 (Oostendorp e Gebhardt
2018). The city also has 2,900 cars available in car sharing systems (McKinsey and
Company 2016). The bicycle infrastructure is made of 27 thousand stopping points in
metro stations, trains and specially defined places, 963 km of cycling paths, 286 km
cycling lanes on roads and 216 km of joint pedestrian and cycling paths (Berlin
Senate 2017).
The promotion of cycling as transport modal has received attention from national
public policies, with the National Cycling Plan, led by the Ministry of Transportation and Digital Infrastructure. In Berlin, the first broad public policy to promote
cycling as a mode of transport took place during November 2004 with the Transport
Development Plan. The Cycling Strategy is launched as an integral part of public
policy and updated in 2013. In June 2018 the Berlin Mobility Act institutionalizes
the relevance of cycling and new modes (electric light mobility) as fundamental to
the city. The objectives of the Cycling Strategy include: increasing cycling participation from 13% in 2008 to 20% in 2025, an annual increase of 3 to 4%; transfer
of long-distance travel from 3.7 km to 4.6 km in 2025; Increase integration between
public transport and bicycles from 3% of trips to 5%; significantly reduce accidents;
continue expanding and improving cycling infrastructure.
Bike sharing began in the 2000 in Germany with the Munich operation of NextBike
and Call-a-bike, both of Deutsche Bahn. One operator. The system was based on
public tenders and government support. Berlin has initially adopted the Call-a-bike
model, but since 2016 switched to NextBike, which operates a BSS in the dockstation model. Currently, about 18,000 bikes are available for sharing, operated by
NextBike (5,000) and dockless BSS operators, Call-a-bike (3,500), oBike (680),
Mobike (5,000), Lime (1,000) and Donkey Republic and Byke (2,800). There is a
growing demand for electric mobility, with 600 electric bicycles available for sharing
by Lime, JUMP, Lidl and NextBike (Rielli et al. 2019).
Despite rapid growth observed in recent years, BSS have faced difficulties in
acceptance and regulatory compliance. Chinese company ofo, for example, ended
its activities in Berlin after starting with more than 2,000 bicycles, claiming low
acceptance of its business model by several agents.
7 Shanghai, China
With an area of 6,341 km
2 and a population of 24.26 million, Shanghai is one of
the largest cities in the world and China’s economic center. Shanghai’s GDP in 2016
was 2.8 trillion Yuan (about US$415 billion in the 2016 exchange rate), accounting
for 3.6% of China’s total GDP. It has a high-speed road surrounding the most part of
the city, called the Circle Road (Zhang e Mi 2018).
Shanghai adopted a vehicle restriction policy as early as 1994, when there were
only 8 passenger vehicles for every 1,000 persons in China, and private ownership
of vehicles was non-existent. This policy determines that car buyers have to bid
through a “controlled auction” to acquire a license plate for conventional gasoline