B
T
100
10
1
100 m
10 m
1 m
100 μ
10 μ
1 μ
100 n
1 n
100 p
Stimulation
Heating
F
TM
DT
Reference
MT
MDT
MRI-dB/dt
TH-NP
TMS-T
rTMS-T
MRI-B 0
MN
MT
GM
MT H
IR
HT
D
TH-P
MRI-RF
TMS-D
ISM frequencies
0
1
10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1 G 10 G 100 GHz
Figure 6.9 Magnetic emissions from medical devices. Reference = reference values limiting
exposure of the general population (lower boundary) and workers (upper boundary); GM = geomagnetic field; MT = magnet therapy; MN = magnetic navigation; MRI = magnetic resonance
imaging; TMS-T = transcranial therapeutic magnetic stimulation; rTMS-T = repetitive transcranial therapeutic magnetic stimulation; TMS-D = transcranial diagnostic magnetic stimulation;
TH-NP = teleheating of nanoparticles; TH-P = teleheating of ferromagnetic parts; MDT = magnetic drug targeting; DT = magnetic device tracking; D = diathermy; HT = hyperthermia; and
TM = telemedicine.
360
Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems
Although even high exposures of patients are justified if risks are outweighed by benefits in several applications, there is a need to prevent staff, accompanying persons, or
the fetus from unintended excess exposure. It is an ongoing challenge to identify and
quantify critical exposure scenarios and implement adequate risk management strategies to minimize unnecessary exposure and protect patients and workers from potential
health risks.
References
Bindonisti, C. P., J. Choukiefe, G. Tastevin, A. Vignaud, and P. J. Nacher. 2004. MRI of the
lung using hyperpolarized 3 He at very low magnetic field (3mT). Magn Res Mater
Phys 16:255–8.
Cadeddu, J., R. Fernandez, M. Desai, R. Bergs, C. Tracy, S. J. Tang, P. Rao, M. Desai, and
D. Scott. 2009. Novel magnetically guided intra-abdominal camera to facilitate laparoendoscopic single-site surgery: Initial human experience. Surg Endosc 23(8):1894–9.
T
100
10
1
100 m
10 m
1 m
100 μ
10 μ
1 μ
100 n
1 n
100 p
Stimulation
Heating
F
TM
DT
Reference
MT
MDT
MRI-dB/dt
TH-NP
TMS-T
rTMS-T
MRI-B 0
MN
MT
GM
MT H
IR
HT
D
TH-P
MRI-RF
TMS-D
ISM frequencies
0
1
10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1 G 10 G 100 GHz
Figure 6.9 Magnetic emissions from medical devices. Reference = reference values limiting
exposure of the general population (lower boundary) and workers (upper boundary); GM = geomagnetic field; MT = magnet therapy; MN = magnetic navigation; MRI = magnetic resonance
imaging; TMS-T = transcranial therapeutic magnetic stimulation; rTMS-T = repetitive transcranial therapeutic magnetic stimulation; TMS-D = transcranial diagnostic magnetic stimulation;
TH-NP = teleheating of nanoparticles; TH-P = teleheating of ferromagnetic parts; MDT = magnetic drug targeting; DT = magnetic device tracking; D = diathermy; HT = hyperthermia; and
TM = telemedicine.
360
Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems
Although even high exposures of patients are justified if risks are outweighed by benefits in several applications, there is a need to prevent staff, accompanying persons, or
the fetus from unintended excess exposure. It is an ongoing challenge to identify and
quantify critical exposure scenarios and implement adequate risk management strategies to minimize unnecessary exposure and protect patients and workers from potential
health risks.
References
Bindonisti, C. P., J. Choukiefe, G. Tastevin, A. Vignaud, and P. J. Nacher. 2004. MRI of the
lung using hyperpolarized 3 He at very low magnetic field (3mT). Magn Res Mater
Phys 16:255–8.
Cadeddu, J., R. Fernandez, M. Desai, R. Bergs, C. Tracy, S. J. Tang, P. Rao, M. Desai, and
D. Scott. 2009. Novel magnetically guided intra-abdominal camera to facilitate laparoendoscopic single-site surgery: Initial human experience. Surg Endosc 23(8):1894–9.