261
5
Mobile
Communication
Fields in Biological
Systems
5.1 Introduction .......................................................... 261
5.2 Numerical Dosimetry ..........................................263
Body Models • Tissue Dielectric
Properties • Computational
Methods • Uncertainty Assessment
5.3 Experimental Dosimetry..................................... 281
Human Phantoms • Measurement Devices and
Equipment • Uncertainty Assessment
5.4 Exposure Assessment...........................................287
Cellular Phones • Wired and Wireless (Bluetooth)
Hands-Free Devices • Base
Stations • Wi-Fi Systems
Konstantina
5.5 Conclusions............................................................ 314
S. Nikita
Acknowledgment.............................................................. 314
Asimina Kiourti
References.......................................................................... 314
5.1 Introduction
During the past few years, mobile communication devices operating in the radio frequency (RF) range have evolved and diffused into the market very rapidly. This leads to
exposure of the users to RF electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitted by mobile communication equipment such as cellular phones, wired and wireless (Bluetooth) hands-free
devices, base stations, Wi-Fi systems, etc., and has caused an increased public concern
about the potential health hazards.
The biological effects of the emitted RF EM radiation can be divided into three categories: thermal, athermal, and nonthermal effects (Adey 1993). Thermal effects cause tissue heating since the EM energy absorbed by the human tissues increases the molecular
translational and rotational kinetic energy. In the case of athermal effects, even though
5
Mobile
Communication
Fields in Biological
Systems
5.1 Introduction .......................................................... 261
5.2 Numerical Dosimetry ..........................................263
Body Models • Tissue Dielectric
Properties • Computational
Methods • Uncertainty Assessment
5.3 Experimental Dosimetry..................................... 281
Human Phantoms • Measurement Devices and
Equipment • Uncertainty Assessment
5.4 Exposure Assessment...........................................287
Cellular Phones • Wired and Wireless (Bluetooth)
Hands-Free Devices • Base
Stations • Wi-Fi Systems
Konstantina
5.5 Conclusions............................................................ 314
S. Nikita
Acknowledgment.............................................................. 314
Asimina Kiourti
References.......................................................................... 314
5.1 Introduction
During the past few years, mobile communication devices operating in the radio frequency (RF) range have evolved and diffused into the market very rapidly. This leads to
exposure of the users to RF electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitted by mobile communication equipment such as cellular phones, wired and wireless (Bluetooth) hands-free
devices, base stations, Wi-Fi systems, etc., and has caused an increased public concern
about the potential health hazards.
The biological effects of the emitted RF EM radiation can be divided into three categories: thermal, athermal, and nonthermal effects (Adey 1993). Thermal effects cause tissue heating since the EM energy absorbed by the human tissues increases the molecular
translational and rotational kinetic energy. In the case of athermal effects, even though