1
1
Coupling of
Electromagnetic
Fields into Biological
Systems
1.1 Introduction .............................................................. 2

1.2 Physical Laws Governing
Electromagnetic Phenomena .................................. 3
1.3 Electromagnetic Properties of Tissue .................... 5

1.4 Electromagnetic Phenomena at
Tissue Interfaces ....................................................... 6
1.5 Static Electric and Magnetic Fields ........................ 7

1.6 Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields .................. 9

1.7 Low-Frequency and Quasistatic Electric
and Magnetic Fields ............................................... 10
1.8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy
from Antennas ........................................................ 12
Quasistatic Fields of a Dipole Antenna • Near
Field of a Dipole Antenna • Far Field of a Dipole
Antenna
1.9 Coupling of Quasistatic Electric and
Magnetic Fields ....................................................... 16
Quasistatic Electric Field Coupling • Quasistatic
Magnetic Field Coupling • Combined Quasistatic
Electric and Magnetic Fields • Summary of
Quasistatic and Low-Frequency Field Coupling
1.10 Radiofrequency Fields and
Energy Deposition .................................................. 20
Radiofrequency Reflection and Transmission
at Planar Interfaces • Radiofrequency Field
Coupling to Bodies with Curvature • Orientation
and Polarization Dependence • Radiofrequency
ames C. Lin
J
Coupling in the Near Field