2.4.4 Biodiesel
It is generated from several biomass as well as vegetable oils. Biodiesel can replace
the use of fossil fuel in the future. It is also considered as an eco-safe and low-costbased source of energy (De Araujo et al. 2013; Mohammadshirazi 2014). Non-edible
vegetable oils can be transformed into biofuels using various approaches. Biodiesel
production from non-edible vegetable oils is a beneficial process because a large
amount of non-edible oils presents as waste worldwide. Nanomaterials have an
important role in the biodiesel production. Several investigations suggested that
biofuel production can be improved through changing in transesterification reaction
by using nanomaterials (Chen et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2015). It has been reported that
Fe 3 O 4 and ZnMg(Al)O nanoparticles are able to enhance the production of
biodiesel.
Biofuels like biodiesel can be produced from several biofuel crops such as
jatropha. Jatropha is a flowering plant species and belongs to the plant family
Euphorbiaceae. The oil derived from jatropha seed is very useful for biodiesel
production. The waste material (cake) resultants of the oil extraction process have
been used in feed of fishes and animals. Resultant materials have a large amount of
proteins; hence, they have a very high nutrition value compared to other feeds
(Peralta-Yahya and Keasling 2010).
2.5 Biofuel Production and Bioconversion
Complex biomaterials are converted into simple biomaterials through several bioconversion processes. Various types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biomethanol,
biodiesel, biohydrogen, and biogas are produced from several bioconversion processes. There are several microbial catalytic reactions involved in the bioconversion
and biofuel production process.
2.5.1 Bioconversion of Natural Gaseous Fuel to Liquid Fuel
Biogas is produced during the decomposition of organic materials. There are several
types of bacteria responsible for the production of biogas such as several types of
methanogens. Methane is the main constituent of biogas and a well-known gaseous
fuel (Haibach et al. 2012). The biogas converted into liquid fuel is the emerging
approach in the bioenergy sector. The liquid fuel is considered as a high-demand fuel
than the gaseous fuel due to its safety and easy transportation. Hence, the conversion
of gaseous fuels into liquid fuel is very essential (Fabbri and Torri 2016). The
methanogenic bacteria can feed methane as a carbon source and produce methane
gas in anaerobic or aerobic environment. The biogas-producing bacteria also
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V. Singh et al.
It is generated from several biomass as well as vegetable oils. Biodiesel can replace
the use of fossil fuel in the future. It is also considered as an eco-safe and low-costbased source of energy (De Araujo et al. 2013; Mohammadshirazi 2014). Non-edible
vegetable oils can be transformed into biofuels using various approaches. Biodiesel
production from non-edible vegetable oils is a beneficial process because a large
amount of non-edible oils presents as waste worldwide. Nanomaterials have an
important role in the biodiesel production. Several investigations suggested that
biofuel production can be improved through changing in transesterification reaction
by using nanomaterials (Chen et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2015). It has been reported that
Fe 3 O 4 and ZnMg(Al)O nanoparticles are able to enhance the production of
biodiesel.
Biofuels like biodiesel can be produced from several biofuel crops such as
jatropha. Jatropha is a flowering plant species and belongs to the plant family
Euphorbiaceae. The oil derived from jatropha seed is very useful for biodiesel
production. The waste material (cake) resultants of the oil extraction process have
been used in feed of fishes and animals. Resultant materials have a large amount of
proteins; hence, they have a very high nutrition value compared to other feeds
(Peralta-Yahya and Keasling 2010).
2.5 Biofuel Production and Bioconversion
Complex biomaterials are converted into simple biomaterials through several bioconversion processes. Various types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biomethanol,
biodiesel, biohydrogen, and biogas are produced from several bioconversion processes. There are several microbial catalytic reactions involved in the bioconversion
and biofuel production process.
2.5.1 Bioconversion of Natural Gaseous Fuel to Liquid Fuel
Biogas is produced during the decomposition of organic materials. There are several
types of bacteria responsible for the production of biogas such as several types of
methanogens. Methane is the main constituent of biogas and a well-known gaseous
fuel (Haibach et al. 2012). The biogas converted into liquid fuel is the emerging
approach in the bioenergy sector. The liquid fuel is considered as a high-demand fuel
than the gaseous fuel due to its safety and easy transportation. Hence, the conversion
of gaseous fuels into liquid fuel is very essential (Fabbri and Torri 2016). The
methanogenic bacteria can feed methane as a carbon source and produce methane
gas in anaerobic or aerobic environment. The biogas-producing bacteria also
42
V. Singh et al.