1.5.6 Acid Number
The acid number is a degree of free fatty acids restricted in a new energy example. It
is stated in mg KOH necessary to neutralizing 1 g of fatty acid methyl esters.
1.5.7 Phosphorus
Phosphorus in fatty acid methyl esters from phospholipids (animal and vegetable
material) and mineral salts (used frying oil) are enclosed in the feedstock.
1.6 Biodiesel Processing Technology
Pyrolysis, microemulsification, transesterification, and direct oil use/blends with
diesel fuel, as diverse approaches of making biodiesel from diverse feedstocks,
have been advanced. The utmost public process is the transesterification reaction
of herbal oils with short-chain alcohols (Atadashi et al. 2012).
1.6.1 Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification
The most common way by transesterification is a catalyzed chemical reaction
including alcohol and vegetable oil to produce glycerol and alkyl esters (biodiesel)
(Bhatti et al. 2008). The immiscibility of oils with alcohol causes the low alteration
of triglycerides to biodiesel production. Consequently, to enrich the reaction
degrees, catalysts are employed (Atadashi et al. 2012).
Transesterification reactions include three kinds: acid-catalyzed, alkali-catalyzed,
and enzyme-catalyzed. Catalysts are utilized to raise the reaction degree and produce
esters. Figure 1.5 is a schematic of the transesterification reaction of herbal oil in the
existence of catalyst (Atadashi et al. 2012; Bhatti et al. 2008).
At first, in the catalytic transesterification process, the catalyst is dissolved into
the methanol with vital moving in a small reactor. Next, the oil will be moved to the
catalyst/alcohol mixture in the biodiesel reactor. The final blend is agitated for 2 h at
340 K in ambient pressure. A fruitful transesterification reaction will create ester and
crude glycerin as two liquid phases. The rough glycerin, the heavier of two fluids,
will gather at the base following a few hours of settling (Hassan and Abul Kalam
2013).
Homogeneous catalysts include alkaline catalysts (hydroxide, sodium methoxide,
potassium hydroxide) and acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, hydrochloric
acid) (Atadashi et al. 2012).
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Z. Shahi and M. Khajeh Mehrizi
The acid number is a degree of free fatty acids restricted in a new energy example. It
is stated in mg KOH necessary to neutralizing 1 g of fatty acid methyl esters.
1.5.7 Phosphorus
Phosphorus in fatty acid methyl esters from phospholipids (animal and vegetable
material) and mineral salts (used frying oil) are enclosed in the feedstock.
1.6 Biodiesel Processing Technology
Pyrolysis, microemulsification, transesterification, and direct oil use/blends with
diesel fuel, as diverse approaches of making biodiesel from diverse feedstocks,
have been advanced. The utmost public process is the transesterification reaction
of herbal oils with short-chain alcohols (Atadashi et al. 2012).
1.6.1 Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification
The most common way by transesterification is a catalyzed chemical reaction
including alcohol and vegetable oil to produce glycerol and alkyl esters (biodiesel)
(Bhatti et al. 2008). The immiscibility of oils with alcohol causes the low alteration
of triglycerides to biodiesel production. Consequently, to enrich the reaction
degrees, catalysts are employed (Atadashi et al. 2012).
Transesterification reactions include three kinds: acid-catalyzed, alkali-catalyzed,
and enzyme-catalyzed. Catalysts are utilized to raise the reaction degree and produce
esters. Figure 1.5 is a schematic of the transesterification reaction of herbal oil in the
existence of catalyst (Atadashi et al. 2012; Bhatti et al. 2008).
At first, in the catalytic transesterification process, the catalyst is dissolved into
the methanol with vital moving in a small reactor. Next, the oil will be moved to the
catalyst/alcohol mixture in the biodiesel reactor. The final blend is agitated for 2 h at
340 K in ambient pressure. A fruitful transesterification reaction will create ester and
crude glycerin as two liquid phases. The rough glycerin, the heavier of two fluids,
will gather at the base following a few hours of settling (Hassan and Abul Kalam
2013).
Homogeneous catalysts include alkaline catalysts (hydroxide, sodium methoxide,
potassium hydroxide) and acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, hydrochloric
acid) (Atadashi et al. 2012).
12
Z. Shahi and M. Khajeh Mehrizi