viii
Contents
3 Topological defects
6S
3.1 Introduction
65
3.2 Domain walls
66
3.3 Global cosmic strings
69
3.4 Local cosmic strings
71
3.5 Gravitational fields of local cosmic strings
74
3.5.1 Double images
75
3.5.2 Temperature discontinuities
76
3.5.3 Cosmic string wakes
76
3.6 Dynamics of local cosmic strings
76
3.7 Magnetic monopoles
80
3.8 Monopole topological quantum number
83
3.9 Magnetic monopoles in grand unified theories
85
3.10 Abundance of magnetic monopoles
86
3.11 Exercises
89
3.12 General references
89
Bibliography
89
4 8aryogenesis
91
4.1 Introduction
91
4.2 Conditions for baryogenesis
94
4.3 Out-of-equilibrium decay of heavy particles
96
4.4 Baryogenesis in GUTs
99
4.5 Baryogenesis in SO( 1 0) GUTs
110
4.6 Status of GUT baryogenesis
113
4.7 Baryon-number non-conservation in the Standard Model
114
4.8 Sphaleron-induced baryogenesis
120
4.9 CP-violation in electroweak theory
127
4.10 Phase transitions and electroweak baryogenesis
129
4.11 Supersymmetric electroweak baryogenesis
132
4.12 Affleck-Dine baryogenesis
137
4.13 Exercises
142
4.14 General references
143
Bibliography
143
S Relic neutrinos and axions
147
5.1 Introduction
147
5.2 Relic neutrinos
150
5.3 Axions
151
5.3.1 Introduction: the strong CP problem and the axion solution 151
5.3.2 Visible and invisible axion models
156
5.3.3 Astrophysical constraints on axions
159
5.3.4 Axions and cosmology
161
5.4 Exercises
169
5.5 General references
169