Index
437
t-channel, 249, 343
Tensor, 372
antisymmetric
4-D, 258, 408
3-D, 258, 410
boson, 240
electromagnetic field strength, 46–
48, 62, 372
hadron, in inelastic e
− p scattering,
269–271
lepton, 231, 240, 255, 269–270
metric, 372
proton, 257–259
Theta function, 169, 390–392
Time-ordering symbol, 158, 179–180
and fermions, 195
and Feynman graphs, 167, 189
and Lorentz invariance, 165–166
Time-reversal, 104–108
invariance, in electromagnetic interactions, 215
operator T ˆ , 106, 213–215
and Dirac equation, 106
and KG equation, 106
not unitary, 106–107, 213
in quantum field theory, 213–215
transformation T, 104
and Dirac equation, 105–106
and KG equation, 105
violation, in weak interactions, 107
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation, 155
Top quark, 9–10
Trace techniques, for spin summations,
230–233
Trace theorems, 233, 409–410
Transformation
gauge, in electromagnetic theory,
46–55
and dynamics, 48, 207–208
global, 42, 47, 54
local, 42, 48, 54, 56
Lorentz, see Lorentz, transformations
O(2), 184
Tree diagrams, 299
t-variable, 173
U(1)
group, 57–58
phase invariance, 58
global, 183–188, 194, 206–207,
209
local, 58, 183, 206–207, 209
u-channel, 173, 250, 299, 301
Uehling effect, 338
Unification, 22–25
Unitarity, 156, 345
Units
Gaussian CGS, 369–370
rationalized (Heaviside–Lorentz),
369–370
natural, 365–367
Universality, 56
of electromagnetic interaction, 56
of gauge field interaction, 56, 348
and renormalization, 348
Upsilon meson, 10, 12
u-variable, 172, 302
Vacuum, 14, 152, 179, 188, 192, 203, 307,
340
and Dirac sea, 76–77
and field system ground state, 143
and many-body ground state, 15, 32
polarization, 340–342, 348
quantum fluctuations in, 307, 312
and symmetry-breaking, 32–33
Vacuum expectation values, 163–165
Vector potential, 45
Vertex
ABC theory, 170
correction
in ABC theory, 311–313
in QED, 345–351
pion electromagnetic, 245–246
proton electromagnetic, 257–260
Vibrating string, 122–124
energy of, 123
modes of, 122
Virtual Compton process, 254, 264
Virtual photon, 173, 277–280, 293–294
Virtual quantum, 172
Virtual transitions, 177, 307
Ward identity, 252, 329, 347
Wavefunction
and quantum field, 143–144
phase of, 53–55, 183
437
t-channel, 249, 343
Tensor, 372
antisymmetric
4-D, 258, 408
3-D, 258, 410
boson, 240
electromagnetic field strength, 46–
48, 62, 372
hadron, in inelastic e
− p scattering,
269–271
lepton, 231, 240, 255, 269–270
metric, 372
proton, 257–259
Theta function, 169, 390–392
Time-ordering symbol, 158, 179–180
and fermions, 195
and Feynman graphs, 167, 189
and Lorentz invariance, 165–166
Time-reversal, 104–108
invariance, in electromagnetic interactions, 215
operator T ˆ , 106, 213–215
and Dirac equation, 106
and KG equation, 106
not unitary, 106–107, 213
in quantum field theory, 213–215
transformation T, 104
and Dirac equation, 105–106
and KG equation, 105
violation, in weak interactions, 107
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation, 155
Top quark, 9–10
Trace techniques, for spin summations,
230–233
Trace theorems, 233, 409–410
Transformation
gauge, in electromagnetic theory,
46–55
and dynamics, 48, 207–208
global, 42, 47, 54
local, 42, 48, 54, 56
Lorentz, see Lorentz, transformations
O(2), 184
Tree diagrams, 299
t-variable, 173
U(1)
group, 57–58
phase invariance, 58
global, 183–188, 194, 206–207,
209
local, 58, 183, 206–207, 209
u-channel, 173, 250, 299, 301
Uehling effect, 338
Unification, 22–25
Unitarity, 156, 345
Units
Gaussian CGS, 369–370
rationalized (Heaviside–Lorentz),
369–370
natural, 365–367
Universality, 56
of electromagnetic interaction, 56
of gauge field interaction, 56, 348
and renormalization, 348
Upsilon meson, 10, 12
u-variable, 172, 302
Vacuum, 14, 152, 179, 188, 192, 203, 307,
340
and Dirac sea, 76–77
and field system ground state, 143
and many-body ground state, 15, 32
polarization, 340–342, 348
quantum fluctuations in, 307, 312
and symmetry-breaking, 32–33
Vacuum expectation values, 163–165
Vector potential, 45
Vertex
ABC theory, 170
correction
in ABC theory, 311–313
in QED, 345–351
pion electromagnetic, 245–246
proton electromagnetic, 257–260
Vibrating string, 122–124
energy of, 123
modes of, 122
Virtual Compton process, 254, 264
Virtual photon, 173, 277–280, 293–294
Virtual quantum, 172
Virtual transitions, 177, 307
Ward identity, 252, 329, 347
Wavefunction
and quantum field, 143–144
phase of, 53–55, 183