408
T. Ciupa and R. Suligowski
northern part of the country (e.g. in the cities of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship—
77, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship—67), and they have mainly postglacial genesis.
In particular Polish cities, there is a very large diversity of the share of land
being under waters (flowing and lentic, without taking into account internal marine
waters) in their total areas. The largest values of this ratio are in small cities, e.g.
71.7%—Otmuchów (Opole Voivodeship), which is determined by a large dam reservoir at Nysa, 66.6%—Mory´ n, 62.3%—I´ nsko (both in West Pomeranian Voivodeship), 61.5%—Zalewo (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). In the last case, Ewingi
Lake covers more than half of the entire city solely [130]. It is worth noting that
as many as 73 cities do not have any land under waters, with the largest number
of them in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (20), and the smallest in the Lubelskie
Voivodeship (1— ´
Swidnik) [80]. Among voivodship capitals, this ratio reaches a
maximum of 21.5% in Szczecin (a significant share—D˛ abie Lake). The next three
places in this ranking are Olsztyn—9.6% (14 lakes), Toru´ n—6.4% (Vistula River)
and Bydgoszcz—4.2% (Bydgoszcz Water Node). The smallest share is found in
Kielce—0.45% and in Łód´ z—0.46%. For cities over 100,000 inhabitants (39 cities),
the average value of this ratio is 3.6%. In turn, the largest share of land under waters
is in the cities of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship—9.3% and West Pomeranian
Voivodeship—9.0%, and the smallest in the cities of the Łód´ z Voivodeship (1.1%)
and ´
Swi˛ etokrzyskie Voivodeship (1.3%).
Within the administrative borders of 19 Polish cities, there is land under internal
marine waters with its total area of 231.3 km
2 . In this classification, two cities stand
out, i.e. ´
Swinouj´ scie—98.8 km
2 (Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon) and Krynica
Morska—92.8 km
2 (Gda´ nsk Bay and Vistula Lagoon). The largest values of the
percentage ratio of these waters in the total area of a city are as follows: Krynica
Morska—80.0%, ´
Swinouj´ scie—49.7%, Nowe Warpno—39.2%, Wolin—25.3%.
Surface waters within cities have mainly recreational functions. In 2018 there were
266 bathing areas around them, including 170 new ones [131]. Such a significant
increase indicates a huge demand for services related to leisure by water. Most of
them were organized in cities by lakes (111), by the Baltic Sea and its bays (67) and
artificial water reservoirs (62). In addition, 26 bathing places functioned on rivers
within cities. Cities that stay out in this respect are located by the sea: Kołobrzeg
(11), Sopot (10), Gda´ nsk (8), Władysławowo (5), Gdynia (4) and by lakes: Olsztyn
and Pozna´ n (5), Szczecinek and Grudzi˛ adz (3). In the summer season of 2018, the
authorities of the State Sanitary Inspection showed that water suitable for bathing was
in 254 bathing areas, and only 12 of them did not meet the water quality requirements,
mainly due to microbiological contamination and excessive bloom of cyanobacteria.
Excellent quality was found in 68 facilities.
Water reservoirs within cities are also used for shipping purposes (e.g. in Ostróda,
Elbl˛ ag, Kruszwica), as flood defenses (e.g. Otmuchów, Sulejów), industrial purposes
(e.g. Konin, Olsztyn, Janikowo), municipal purposes (e.g. Dobczyce), etc. It is worth
noting that many cities use surface water resources located outside their administrative borders, e.g. Szczecin (about 80% of water is taken from Miedwie Lake),
Cracow (about 55%—Dobczyce Water Reservoir on Raba River), Upper Silesian
conurbation (about 35%—Goczałkowicki Reservoir on the Vistula).
T. Ciupa and R. Suligowski
northern part of the country (e.g. in the cities of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship—
77, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship—67), and they have mainly postglacial genesis.
In particular Polish cities, there is a very large diversity of the share of land
being under waters (flowing and lentic, without taking into account internal marine
waters) in their total areas. The largest values of this ratio are in small cities, e.g.
71.7%—Otmuchów (Opole Voivodeship), which is determined by a large dam reservoir at Nysa, 66.6%—Mory´ n, 62.3%—I´ nsko (both in West Pomeranian Voivodeship), 61.5%—Zalewo (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). In the last case, Ewingi
Lake covers more than half of the entire city solely [130]. It is worth noting that
as many as 73 cities do not have any land under waters, with the largest number
of them in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (20), and the smallest in the Lubelskie
Voivodeship (1— ´
Swidnik) [80]. Among voivodship capitals, this ratio reaches a
maximum of 21.5% in Szczecin (a significant share—D˛ abie Lake). The next three
places in this ranking are Olsztyn—9.6% (14 lakes), Toru´ n—6.4% (Vistula River)
and Bydgoszcz—4.2% (Bydgoszcz Water Node). The smallest share is found in
Kielce—0.45% and in Łód´ z—0.46%. For cities over 100,000 inhabitants (39 cities),
the average value of this ratio is 3.6%. In turn, the largest share of land under waters
is in the cities of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship—9.3% and West Pomeranian
Voivodeship—9.0%, and the smallest in the cities of the Łód´ z Voivodeship (1.1%)
and ´
Swi˛ etokrzyskie Voivodeship (1.3%).
Within the administrative borders of 19 Polish cities, there is land under internal
marine waters with its total area of 231.3 km
2 . In this classification, two cities stand
out, i.e. ´
Swinouj´ scie—98.8 km
2 (Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon) and Krynica
Morska—92.8 km
2 (Gda´ nsk Bay and Vistula Lagoon). The largest values of the
percentage ratio of these waters in the total area of a city are as follows: Krynica
Morska—80.0%, ´
Swinouj´ scie—49.7%, Nowe Warpno—39.2%, Wolin—25.3%.
Surface waters within cities have mainly recreational functions. In 2018 there were
266 bathing areas around them, including 170 new ones [131]. Such a significant
increase indicates a huge demand for services related to leisure by water. Most of
them were organized in cities by lakes (111), by the Baltic Sea and its bays (67) and
artificial water reservoirs (62). In addition, 26 bathing places functioned on rivers
within cities. Cities that stay out in this respect are located by the sea: Kołobrzeg
(11), Sopot (10), Gda´ nsk (8), Władysławowo (5), Gdynia (4) and by lakes: Olsztyn
and Pozna´ n (5), Szczecinek and Grudzi˛ adz (3). In the summer season of 2018, the
authorities of the State Sanitary Inspection showed that water suitable for bathing was
in 254 bathing areas, and only 12 of them did not meet the water quality requirements,
mainly due to microbiological contamination and excessive bloom of cyanobacteria.
Excellent quality was found in 68 facilities.
Water reservoirs within cities are also used for shipping purposes (e.g. in Ostróda,
Elbl˛ ag, Kruszwica), as flood defenses (e.g. Otmuchów, Sulejów), industrial purposes
(e.g. Konin, Olsztyn, Janikowo), municipal purposes (e.g. Dobczyce), etc. It is worth
noting that many cities use surface water resources located outside their administrative borders, e.g. Szczecin (about 80% of water is taken from Miedwie Lake),
Cracow (about 55%—Dobczyce Water Reservoir on Raba River), Upper Silesian
conurbation (about 35%—Goczałkowicki Reservoir on the Vistula).