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M. Habel et al.
management policies. Sediment Management Plans are only carried out in a few
selected European river basins, and they focus on selected problems, mainly estuaries [1–3]. A comprehension of the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic influences in
sediment transport and knowledge about the relationships with hydrotechnical structures impacts are therefore an essential scientific reason for the optimum management
of sediment. Namely, they need to be taken adequately into account when projects and
fulfilmenting a sediment management strategy. Before the records in the WFD were
formulated, it was known that rivers play a significant role in the global hydrological
cycle, providing around 20 billion ton year
−1 of river sediment to the world’s ocean,
reflecting climate change as a result of human activity [4]. Along with the amount of
water, rivers transport debris, which hydrologists call the sediments. River debris in
Russian literature, in terms of genesis, is often divided into riverbed and transit [5].
The first of them, with a mechanical composition exceeding 0.05 mm, enters the river
as a result of deformation (erosion). While in Anglo-Saxon literature [6], three types
of river sediments are most commonly found: dissolved load, suspended load and as
bottom material—bed load. In the last two cases combined, it is a clastic load or solid
sediment [7]. The suspended load is mainly clayey and mules. According to Knighton
[6], it is a fraction smaller than 0.062 mm. The size of the suspension transport, as
well as its intensity, depends on the rate of mechanical denudation of the basin and
the supply from anthropogenic sources (including mining, sewage). Klimaszewski
[8] or Bajkiewicz-Grabowska and Mikulski [9], also distinguish transport in suspension in the form of a lifted material (mineral and organic material whose specific
weight is greater than the specific weight of water) and suspended (mostly organic
material whose specific weight is lower than the specific weight of water). The first
two types are discharged in the form of dissolved material and the remaining two as
a clastic material, i.e., suspension and bed material [10]. The size of the transported
particles is within a wide range of 10
−6 –10
−3 mm, i.e., from ions through colloids,
clays, dusts, sands to boulders.
China has one among the best rates of continental erosion and is evaluated to be
losing its land at a rate 57 times faster than it are often a substitute. At an equivalent
time, its scaled infrastructures, like Three Gorges Dam, accumulated approximately
170 million tons of the Yangtze River’s sediment per annum, reducing sediments
reaching the Yangtze’s delta by minimum as 82% [11]. Currently observed in the
majority of large river systems in the world, the decrease in loads of transported
sediments in the estuary sections is the result of its retention by various types of
hydrotechnical operations carried out in the course of rivers [12, 13]. Particularly
reservoirs contribute to reducing the delivery of river sediment to the world’s ocean,
contributing to the erosion of the estuary areas at a global scale [14–18]. Studies
have shown that the efficiency of dam reservoirs in the capture of sediments is in
some cases significant and amounts to 70–90% of the reservoir capacity [19, 20]. It is
estimated that about 30–40% of a transported sediments in the form of a suspension
through the global river network does not reach the seas, oceans and some great lakes,
but is retained in reservoirs, at least for the time of existence of the infrastructure
[21]. The calculations of hydrologists show that about 40% of the river outflow on
a global scale is retained by artificial retention reservoirs [12, 22]. Since water is a
M. Habel et al.
management policies. Sediment Management Plans are only carried out in a few
selected European river basins, and they focus on selected problems, mainly estuaries [1–3]. A comprehension of the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic influences in
sediment transport and knowledge about the relationships with hydrotechnical structures impacts are therefore an essential scientific reason for the optimum management
of sediment. Namely, they need to be taken adequately into account when projects and
fulfilmenting a sediment management strategy. Before the records in the WFD were
formulated, it was known that rivers play a significant role in the global hydrological
cycle, providing around 20 billion ton year
−1 of river sediment to the world’s ocean,
reflecting climate change as a result of human activity [4]. Along with the amount of
water, rivers transport debris, which hydrologists call the sediments. River debris in
Russian literature, in terms of genesis, is often divided into riverbed and transit [5].
The first of them, with a mechanical composition exceeding 0.05 mm, enters the river
as a result of deformation (erosion). While in Anglo-Saxon literature [6], three types
of river sediments are most commonly found: dissolved load, suspended load and as
bottom material—bed load. In the last two cases combined, it is a clastic load or solid
sediment [7]. The suspended load is mainly clayey and mules. According to Knighton
[6], it is a fraction smaller than 0.062 mm. The size of the suspension transport, as
well as its intensity, depends on the rate of mechanical denudation of the basin and
the supply from anthropogenic sources (including mining, sewage). Klimaszewski
[8] or Bajkiewicz-Grabowska and Mikulski [9], also distinguish transport in suspension in the form of a lifted material (mineral and organic material whose specific
weight is greater than the specific weight of water) and suspended (mostly organic
material whose specific weight is lower than the specific weight of water). The first
two types are discharged in the form of dissolved material and the remaining two as
a clastic material, i.e., suspension and bed material [10]. The size of the transported
particles is within a wide range of 10
−6 –10
−3 mm, i.e., from ions through colloids,
clays, dusts, sands to boulders.
China has one among the best rates of continental erosion and is evaluated to be
losing its land at a rate 57 times faster than it are often a substitute. At an equivalent
time, its scaled infrastructures, like Three Gorges Dam, accumulated approximately
170 million tons of the Yangtze River’s sediment per annum, reducing sediments
reaching the Yangtze’s delta by minimum as 82% [11]. Currently observed in the
majority of large river systems in the world, the decrease in loads of transported
sediments in the estuary sections is the result of its retention by various types of
hydrotechnical operations carried out in the course of rivers [12, 13]. Particularly
reservoirs contribute to reducing the delivery of river sediment to the world’s ocean,
contributing to the erosion of the estuary areas at a global scale [14–18]. Studies
have shown that the efficiency of dam reservoirs in the capture of sediments is in
some cases significant and amounts to 70–90% of the reservoir capacity [19, 20]. It is
estimated that about 30–40% of a transported sediments in the form of a suspension
through the global river network does not reach the seas, oceans and some great lakes,
but is retained in reservoirs, at least for the time of existence of the infrastructure
[21]. The calculations of hydrologists show that about 40% of the river outflow on
a global scale is retained by artificial retention reservoirs [12, 22]. Since water is a