252
I. Jamorska
Mn and NH 4 and NO 3 only locally, which is strictly connected with agricultural
activity. The groundwater of the Neogene aquifer also belongs to mono-ionic waters
where the ions such as Ca, Mg, SO 4 i HCO 3 prevail (II/1178/1). This water belongs
to the quality class II and III on account of the increased concentrations of Fe and Mn
as well as due to the colour of the water. The groundwater of the Cretaceous aquifer
represents mainly the HCO 3 –Ca–Mg and HCO 3 –Ca types. This water frequently
shows increased concentrations of free CO 2 , Fe and F [25, 26].
11.5 Changes in Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters
of Groundwater (Within the Past 5 Years)
In order to illustrate the variability of the chemical composition of groundwater in
Poland on the basis of local sources, specific observation wells have been selected
for particular water-bearing levels in which alterations in concentrations of the main
ions between 2013 and 2017 have been analysed. (Table 11.6).
11.5.1 The Quaternary Aquifer
The changes in the Quaternary aquifer are represented by four observation wells
located in the Kuyavian and Pomeranian (II/527/1), Łód´ z (II/314/1), Lubusz
(II/1325/1) and Subcarpathian (II/1526/1) voivodeships. The well number II/527/1
has been selected for analysis on account of its high concentrations of chloride and
sulphate ions in 2017. Taking into consideration concentrations of these ions since
2013, their continuous increase can be observed. The concentration of chloride ions
increased from 595 mg/dm3 in 2013 up to 640 mg/dm3 in 2017, whereas that of
sodium ions rose from 352,46 mg/dm3 to 377,40 mg/ dm3. The concentration of Fe
and Mn in this aquifer remains on a continuously high level (Table 11.6). In the well
located in the Subcarpathian voivodeship high concentrations of sulphates can be
found, which have increased their contribution in the mineralisation of groundwater
from 510 to 640 mg/dm3. The concentration of iron ions remains on a high level,
which is steadily growing, and has risen by approximately 30 mg/dm3 since 2013.
Taking into account the remaining ions, a decline in the concentrations of Cl and Na
ions can be observed (Fig. 11.9).
The highest stability of main ion concentrations within the five-year period under
analysis is shown by groundwater from the observation well number II/1325/1 in
the Lubusz voivodeship in the western part of Poland. In comparison to 2013, a
favourable change has occurred now in the concentration of SO 4 , Cl and Na ions,
which has had a considerable influence on raising water quality class from III to
II (Table 11.6). In the Łód´ z voivodeship the concentrations of SO 4 , Cl, Na and K
ions in the observation well number II/314/1 had already fallen substantially by 2016,
I. Jamorska
Mn and NH 4 and NO 3 only locally, which is strictly connected with agricultural
activity. The groundwater of the Neogene aquifer also belongs to mono-ionic waters
where the ions such as Ca, Mg, SO 4 i HCO 3 prevail (II/1178/1). This water belongs
to the quality class II and III on account of the increased concentrations of Fe and Mn
as well as due to the colour of the water. The groundwater of the Cretaceous aquifer
represents mainly the HCO 3 –Ca–Mg and HCO 3 –Ca types. This water frequently
shows increased concentrations of free CO 2 , Fe and F [25, 26].
11.5 Changes in Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters
of Groundwater (Within the Past 5 Years)
In order to illustrate the variability of the chemical composition of groundwater in
Poland on the basis of local sources, specific observation wells have been selected
for particular water-bearing levels in which alterations in concentrations of the main
ions between 2013 and 2017 have been analysed. (Table 11.6).
11.5.1 The Quaternary Aquifer
The changes in the Quaternary aquifer are represented by four observation wells
located in the Kuyavian and Pomeranian (II/527/1), Łód´ z (II/314/1), Lubusz
(II/1325/1) and Subcarpathian (II/1526/1) voivodeships. The well number II/527/1
has been selected for analysis on account of its high concentrations of chloride and
sulphate ions in 2017. Taking into consideration concentrations of these ions since
2013, their continuous increase can be observed. The concentration of chloride ions
increased from 595 mg/dm3 in 2013 up to 640 mg/dm3 in 2017, whereas that of
sodium ions rose from 352,46 mg/dm3 to 377,40 mg/ dm3. The concentration of Fe
and Mn in this aquifer remains on a continuously high level (Table 11.6). In the well
located in the Subcarpathian voivodeship high concentrations of sulphates can be
found, which have increased their contribution in the mineralisation of groundwater
from 510 to 640 mg/dm3. The concentration of iron ions remains on a high level,
which is steadily growing, and has risen by approximately 30 mg/dm3 since 2013.
Taking into account the remaining ions, a decline in the concentrations of Cl and Na
ions can be observed (Fig. 11.9).
The highest stability of main ion concentrations within the five-year period under
analysis is shown by groundwater from the observation well number II/1325/1 in
the Lubusz voivodeship in the western part of Poland. In comparison to 2013, a
favourable change has occurred now in the concentration of SO 4 , Cl and Na ions,
which has had a considerable influence on raising water quality class from III to
II (Table 11.6). In the Łód´ z voivodeship the concentrations of SO 4 , Cl, Na and K
ions in the observation well number II/314/1 had already fallen substantially by 2016,