9 Assessment of Pollution of Water Resources and Process of Pollution Spreading
195
It is unacceptable to run fish-breeding in lakes, which is a significant source of
biogens and organic matter for the reservoir, which significantly accelerates their
eutrophication [49].
The breeding of slaughter animals and the food industry, as well as tourism
increasing anthropopressure, especially in the summer months, are less important
in the process of eutrophication of lakes [2, 4, 6].
The municipal, industrial, and recreational suitability of water from pierced
lakes decreases, resulting in certain economic effects, e.g. increased costs of water
treatment and losses in tourism.
Sheries are also exposed to the adverse effects of eutrophication. This process,
apart from the exploitation and introduction of new species, is one of the important
factors affecting fish populations [50]. Exploitation and introduction directly affect
ichtiofauna. Eutrophication exerts indirect effects on the fish, preceded by changes
in environmental conditions [50–52]. These changes include: reduction of water
transparency, disappearance of submerged vegetation, quantitative and qualitative
changes in zooplankton and benthic fauna, algae blooms, increase in the amount of
bottom sediments, deterioration of aerobic conditions, especially in the deepest water
layers, as well as periodic drastic changes. changes in pH [2, 4, 30, 53]. The habitat
conditions under the influence of these changes are unfavorable for some species of
fish, and at the same time favorable for the development of species with different
requirements. For example, the emergence and deepening of oxygen deficiencies in
the pelagic can eliminate planktonic monsters from this zone, while the deoxidation of profundal causes the exclusion of benthophages from feeding grounds. Such
phenomena cause the gathering of previously dispersed fish of different species and
age groups in the littoral. Intra- and interspecies tensions increase, mainly in the
field of food competition; the pressure of predators and the ability to control fish by
parasites and invasive diseases also increase [50]. Other changes determine changes
in fish breeding conditions and survival. With the increase in trophies can also be a
threat to eggs from the developing, sometimes very strong, predatory invertebrates
and fish specializing in its spawning, such as the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus
L. [50, 53].
Transformations in fish communities are a sensitive indicator of changes in
trophies of lakes [51–53]. In oligotrophic lakes, ichtiofauna is initially dominated by
species from the Salmonidae family, e.g. (Coregonus lavaretus L.), vendace (Coregonus albula L.) and lake trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris L.), which, as eutrophication
progresses, are replaced by species of the carp family Cyprinidae. The latter is very
diverse, abounds in species with different tolerance ranges to environmental and
biocenotic factors. The period of occurrence of cyprinids is the longest—there are
significant changes in the species composition of fish. Changes within the Cyprinidae
family consist of displacement of larger, not too numerous species, playing an important role in fishing and angling sport, through so-called fish weed, i.e., fish species of
small size, but many occurring. In the early stages of this period, cyprinids coexist
with predatory fish such as pike (Esox lucius L.) and later zander (Sander lucioperca
L.). With further progress of eutrophication, predatory fish disappear. Along with the
qualitative transformations of ichthyofauna assemblies resulting from the increase
195
It is unacceptable to run fish-breeding in lakes, which is a significant source of
biogens and organic matter for the reservoir, which significantly accelerates their
eutrophication [49].
The breeding of slaughter animals and the food industry, as well as tourism
increasing anthropopressure, especially in the summer months, are less important
in the process of eutrophication of lakes [2, 4, 6].
The municipal, industrial, and recreational suitability of water from pierced
lakes decreases, resulting in certain economic effects, e.g. increased costs of water
treatment and losses in tourism.
Sheries are also exposed to the adverse effects of eutrophication. This process,
apart from the exploitation and introduction of new species, is one of the important
factors affecting fish populations [50]. Exploitation and introduction directly affect
ichtiofauna. Eutrophication exerts indirect effects on the fish, preceded by changes
in environmental conditions [50–52]. These changes include: reduction of water
transparency, disappearance of submerged vegetation, quantitative and qualitative
changes in zooplankton and benthic fauna, algae blooms, increase in the amount of
bottom sediments, deterioration of aerobic conditions, especially in the deepest water
layers, as well as periodic drastic changes. changes in pH [2, 4, 30, 53]. The habitat
conditions under the influence of these changes are unfavorable for some species of
fish, and at the same time favorable for the development of species with different
requirements. For example, the emergence and deepening of oxygen deficiencies in
the pelagic can eliminate planktonic monsters from this zone, while the deoxidation of profundal causes the exclusion of benthophages from feeding grounds. Such
phenomena cause the gathering of previously dispersed fish of different species and
age groups in the littoral. Intra- and interspecies tensions increase, mainly in the
field of food competition; the pressure of predators and the ability to control fish by
parasites and invasive diseases also increase [50]. Other changes determine changes
in fish breeding conditions and survival. With the increase in trophies can also be a
threat to eggs from the developing, sometimes very strong, predatory invertebrates
and fish specializing in its spawning, such as the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus
L. [50, 53].
Transformations in fish communities are a sensitive indicator of changes in
trophies of lakes [51–53]. In oligotrophic lakes, ichtiofauna is initially dominated by
species from the Salmonidae family, e.g. (Coregonus lavaretus L.), vendace (Coregonus albula L.) and lake trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris L.), which, as eutrophication
progresses, are replaced by species of the carp family Cyprinidae. The latter is very
diverse, abounds in species with different tolerance ranges to environmental and
biocenotic factors. The period of occurrence of cyprinids is the longest—there are
significant changes in the species composition of fish. Changes within the Cyprinidae
family consist of displacement of larger, not too numerous species, playing an important role in fishing and angling sport, through so-called fish weed, i.e., fish species of
small size, but many occurring. In the early stages of this period, cyprinids coexist
with predatory fish such as pike (Esox lucius L.) and later zander (Sander lucioperca
L.). With further progress of eutrophication, predatory fish disappear. Along with the
qualitative transformations of ichthyofauna assemblies resulting from the increase