Box 2 (continued)
have been complemented in the ArchiSeine data set by several maps directly
related to the river course, such as the wood rafting map of the Seine River
basin and charts published for commercial and recreational navigation.
Aside from ArchiSeine, three old general cartographic sets of France,
now digitalised (IGN, Geoportail, https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/. Accessed
15 May 2019), can be used for the quantitative analysis of the fluvial system
and its evolution, from 1830 to 2015: the Etat-Major Map (1830–1860), the
1900 Map and the 1950 Map (Fig. 3). The Seine River basin is represented by
dozens of sheets in each of these maps.
The second push for cartography was given by the creation of the Ponts et
Chaussées corps of engineers, who were responsible for drawing up these
maps. Progressively map status was transformed into a territorial management
and decision-making instrument. For Verdier, this was “a profound mutation of
cartography. . . for Ponts et Chaussées engineers, mapping was already part of
solving a problem” [39]. These engineers also used standardised methods, initiated
by Buchotte in the first specific cartographic manual published in France in 1722, for
code colour by land use type or relief representation [40].
All land use and water use development projects were validated by Ponts et
Chaussées technical advice, and the related maps were sent by engineers in each
département and archived in the centralised Maps and Drawings Depository in
the Ministry of Public Works, established under the First Empire [41]. The development of river navigation in 1830–1850 [33, 42, 43] generated a great number of
Fig. 3 Main sources of historical cartographic documents on the Seine River used in quantified
trajectory analyses. 1, General medium-scale mapping of the French territory; 2, general fine-scale
mapping for raising taxes (land registry); 3, maps and charts produced by state engineers for
navigated rivers; 4, other local documents and bathymetric profiles. Ã Open-access geo-referenced
and digitalised documents available on IGN-Geoportail. ÃÃ ArchiSeine documents (see Box 2)
The Evolution of the Seine Basin Water Bodies Through Historical Maps
39
have been complemented in the ArchiSeine data set by several maps directly
related to the river course, such as the wood rafting map of the Seine River
basin and charts published for commercial and recreational navigation.
Aside from ArchiSeine, three old general cartographic sets of France,
now digitalised (IGN, Geoportail, https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/. Accessed
15 May 2019), can be used for the quantitative analysis of the fluvial system
and its evolution, from 1830 to 2015: the Etat-Major Map (1830–1860), the
1900 Map and the 1950 Map (Fig. 3). The Seine River basin is represented by
dozens of sheets in each of these maps.
The second push for cartography was given by the creation of the Ponts et
Chaussées corps of engineers, who were responsible for drawing up these
maps. Progressively map status was transformed into a territorial management
and decision-making instrument. For Verdier, this was “a profound mutation of
cartography. . . for Ponts et Chaussées engineers, mapping was already part of
solving a problem” [39]. These engineers also used standardised methods, initiated
by Buchotte in the first specific cartographic manual published in France in 1722, for
code colour by land use type or relief representation [40].
All land use and water use development projects were validated by Ponts et
Chaussées technical advice, and the related maps were sent by engineers in each
département and archived in the centralised Maps and Drawings Depository in
the Ministry of Public Works, established under the First Empire [41]. The development of river navigation in 1830–1850 [33, 42, 43] generated a great number of
Fig. 3 Main sources of historical cartographic documents on the Seine River used in quantified
trajectory analyses. 1, General medium-scale mapping of the French territory; 2, general fine-scale
mapping for raising taxes (land registry); 3, maps and charts produced by state engineers for
navigated rivers; 4, other local documents and bathymetric profiles. Ã Open-access geo-referenced
and digitalised documents available on IGN-Geoportail. ÃÃ ArchiSeine documents (see Box 2)
The Evolution of the Seine Basin Water Bodies Through Historical Maps
39