4.2 Participatory Experiments Influence Collective Action . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 405
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
5.1 Evolution of the Programme and Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
5.2 Scientific Knowledge and Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Abstract The aim of this chapter is to provide a critical assessment of the
approaches and production of tools within the PIREN-Seine programme over the
past 30 years, as well as their use for river basin management and river quality
improvement, and to analyse the challenges for the future. Three types of tools used
in the PIREN-Seine programme are presented: metrology and fieldwork; model
construction, simulation and their use in scenarios; and participatory science tools.
These tools have been gradually built by the PIREN-Seine researchers and often
developed together with the partners of the research programme, the main managers
of the Seine River basin. Three issues raised by scientists and their partners are
identified: (1) for metrology, how it has been improved to measure the state of
waterbodies and to avoid their degradation; (2) for models, what they currently do
and do not do and how they share common knowledge with practitioners; and (3) the
place of researchers in the use of participatory devices in territories and their view of
the effects of these tools to improve the quality of rivers and aquifers.
Keywords Long term, Metrology, Model, Participative tool, Quality trajectory,
Scenario, Scientific production
1 Introduction
This analysis concerns the production of knowledge that is shared between
researchers and the main managers of the Seine basin (drinking water producers
and sewerage system operators, river basin agencies, watercourse unions, public
institutions in charge of flood control, navigable waterway managers). Scientific
knowledge is based on data produced from measurements, modelling and scenarios,
while operators’ knowledge is developed to jointly manage and improve the quality
of the Seine River and of its aquatic environments. This way of doing science with
the operational sector is similar to what Sheila Jasanoff described as a regulatory
science: ‘about how a fact is made and produced in this domain of scientific activity
that serves public policy’ [1]. As presented in the introduction of this book, since the
third phase of the PIREN-Seine programme in 1998, researchers have developed a
specific type of partnership research, not with laypersons but with stakeholders in
charge of water management, elected officials, technicians, associations and professional groups. The tools discussed in this chapter, both numerical and conceptual,
are anchored in the institutional reality of the Seine River basin, with groups of
382
C. Carré et al.
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
5.1 Evolution of the Programme and Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
5.2 Scientific Knowledge and Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Abstract The aim of this chapter is to provide a critical assessment of the
approaches and production of tools within the PIREN-Seine programme over the
past 30 years, as well as their use for river basin management and river quality
improvement, and to analyse the challenges for the future. Three types of tools used
in the PIREN-Seine programme are presented: metrology and fieldwork; model
construction, simulation and their use in scenarios; and participatory science tools.
These tools have been gradually built by the PIREN-Seine researchers and often
developed together with the partners of the research programme, the main managers
of the Seine River basin. Three issues raised by scientists and their partners are
identified: (1) for metrology, how it has been improved to measure the state of
waterbodies and to avoid their degradation; (2) for models, what they currently do
and do not do and how they share common knowledge with practitioners; and (3) the
place of researchers in the use of participatory devices in territories and their view of
the effects of these tools to improve the quality of rivers and aquifers.
Keywords Long term, Metrology, Model, Participative tool, Quality trajectory,
Scenario, Scientific production
1 Introduction
This analysis concerns the production of knowledge that is shared between
researchers and the main managers of the Seine basin (drinking water producers
and sewerage system operators, river basin agencies, watercourse unions, public
institutions in charge of flood control, navigable waterway managers). Scientific
knowledge is based on data produced from measurements, modelling and scenarios,
while operators’ knowledge is developed to jointly manage and improve the quality
of the Seine River and of its aquatic environments. This way of doing science with
the operational sector is similar to what Sheila Jasanoff described as a regulatory
science: ‘about how a fact is made and produced in this domain of scientific activity
that serves public policy’ [1]. As presented in the introduction of this book, since the
third phase of the PIREN-Seine programme in 1998, researchers have developed a
specific type of partnership research, not with laypersons but with stakeholders in
charge of water management, elected officials, technicians, associations and professional groups. The tools discussed in this chapter, both numerical and conceptual,
are anchored in the institutional reality of the Seine River basin, with groups of
382
C. Carré et al.