transfer time delays improvements, which is most often difficult for farmers to
accept, in view of the efforts required of them.
In addition to the PIREN-Seine program, another parallel long-term program on
the Seine Estuary has made it possible to quantify the role of the Seine estuary in the
transfer and transformation of the nutrients and carbon fluxes from the upstream
hydrological network [92, 93]. Riverstrahler has already combined with coastal zone
models in a chain that has quantified the impact of the Seine River nutrient deliveries
at the coastal zone, showing that nutrient imbalance, i.e. a large excess of N over Si
and P, was the cause of coastal eutrophication, with toxic algae events in the Seine
Bight and fishing closure [94]. However, the often neglected buffer role of the
estuary is now being included in the model chain.
Acknowledgements This work is a contribution to the PIREN Seine research program (www.
piren-seine.fr), within the framework of the Zone Atelier Seine, a site of the international Long
Term Socio Ecological Research (LTSER) network. This work was partly funded by several other
projects (Thresholds -EU FP6-, Aware -EU FP7- Seas-Era Emosem -EU FP7 ERA-NET-, Liteau
FLAM -French Ministry of Ecology and Water Agency-, ITN C-Cascades -EU Horizon 2020-).
References
1. Odum EP (1959) Fundamental of ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
2. Wetzel RG (1983) Limnology2nd edn. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia
3. Schindler DW (1974) Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: implications for lake
management. Science 184:897–899. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4139.897
4. Schindler DW (1998) Replication versus realism: the need for ecosystem-scale experiments.
Ecosystems 1:323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100219900026
5. Schelske CL, Stoermer EF (1971) Eutrophication, silica depletion, and predicted changes in
algal quality in Lake Michigan. Science 173:423–424. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.
3995.423
6. Ward JV (1989) The four-dimensional nature of lotic ecosystems. J N Am Benthol Soc 8:2–8
7. Vannote RL, Minshall GW, Cummins KW et al (1980) The river continuum concept. Can J Fish
Aquat Sci 37:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-017
8. Strahler AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Geophys Union Trans
38:913–920
9. Garnier J, Billen G (1994) Ecological interactions in a shallow sand-pit lake (Lake Créteil,
Parisian Basin, France): a modelling approach. Hydrobiologia 275/276:97–114
10. Garnier J, Billen G, Sanchez N, Leporcq B (2000) Ecological functioning of the Marne
reservoir (Upper Seine Basin, France). Regul Rivers Res Manage 16:51–71
11. Passy P, Garnier J, Billen G et al (2012) Restoration of ponds in rural landscapes: modelling the
effect on nitrate contamination of surface water (the Seine River Basin, France). Sci Total
Environ 430:280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.035
12. Billen G, Ramarson A, Thieu V et al (2018) Nitrate retention at the river–watershed interface: a
new conceptual modeling approach. Biogeochemistry 139:31–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10533-018-0455-9
13. Flipo N, Even S, Poulin M et al (2007) Modelling nitrate fluxes at the catchment scale using the
integrated tool CaWaQS. Sci Total Environ 375:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2006.12.016
Ecological Functioning of the Seine River: From Long-Term Modelling. . .
211
accept, in view of the efforts required of them.
In addition to the PIREN-Seine program, another parallel long-term program on
the Seine Estuary has made it possible to quantify the role of the Seine estuary in the
transfer and transformation of the nutrients and carbon fluxes from the upstream
hydrological network [92, 93]. Riverstrahler has already combined with coastal zone
models in a chain that has quantified the impact of the Seine River nutrient deliveries
at the coastal zone, showing that nutrient imbalance, i.e. a large excess of N over Si
and P, was the cause of coastal eutrophication, with toxic algae events in the Seine
Bight and fishing closure [94]. However, the often neglected buffer role of the
estuary is now being included in the model chain.
Acknowledgements This work is a contribution to the PIREN Seine research program (www.
piren-seine.fr), within the framework of the Zone Atelier Seine, a site of the international Long
Term Socio Ecological Research (LTSER) network. This work was partly funded by several other
projects (Thresholds -EU FP6-, Aware -EU FP7- Seas-Era Emosem -EU FP7 ERA-NET-, Liteau
FLAM -French Ministry of Ecology and Water Agency-, ITN C-Cascades -EU Horizon 2020-).
References
1. Odum EP (1959) Fundamental of ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
2. Wetzel RG (1983) Limnology2nd edn. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia
3. Schindler DW (1974) Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: implications for lake
management. Science 184:897–899. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4139.897
4. Schindler DW (1998) Replication versus realism: the need for ecosystem-scale experiments.
Ecosystems 1:323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100219900026
5. Schelske CL, Stoermer EF (1971) Eutrophication, silica depletion, and predicted changes in
algal quality in Lake Michigan. Science 173:423–424. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.
3995.423
6. Ward JV (1989) The four-dimensional nature of lotic ecosystems. J N Am Benthol Soc 8:2–8
7. Vannote RL, Minshall GW, Cummins KW et al (1980) The river continuum concept. Can J Fish
Aquat Sci 37:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-017
8. Strahler AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Geophys Union Trans
38:913–920
9. Garnier J, Billen G (1994) Ecological interactions in a shallow sand-pit lake (Lake Créteil,
Parisian Basin, France): a modelling approach. Hydrobiologia 275/276:97–114
10. Garnier J, Billen G, Sanchez N, Leporcq B (2000) Ecological functioning of the Marne
reservoir (Upper Seine Basin, France). Regul Rivers Res Manage 16:51–71
11. Passy P, Garnier J, Billen G et al (2012) Restoration of ponds in rural landscapes: modelling the
effect on nitrate contamination of surface water (the Seine River Basin, France). Sci Total
Environ 430:280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.035
12. Billen G, Ramarson A, Thieu V et al (2018) Nitrate retention at the river–watershed interface: a
new conceptual modeling approach. Biogeochemistry 139:31–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10533-018-0455-9
13. Flipo N, Even S, Poulin M et al (2007) Modelling nitrate fluxes at the catchment scale using the
integrated tool CaWaQS. Sci Total Environ 375:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2006.12.016
Ecological Functioning of the Seine River: From Long-Term Modelling. . .
211