E
Redox reactions
EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EELS
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
E H
Redox potential
E V
Valence band
FA
Fulvic acid
GA
Gum arabic
GSH
Glutathione
HA
Humic acid
HAADF-STEM High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron
microscopy
HMT
Hexamethylenetetramine
I-CNPs
Irregularly shaped cerium oxide nanoparticles
IS
Ionic strength
K d
Partitioning value
K r
Relating retention value
K sp
Solubility product
LB
Luria broth
NOM
Natural organic matter
O 2
ÁSuperoxo species
O 2
2À
Peroxo species
O-CNPs
Octahedral cerium oxide nanoparticles
Á OH
Hydroxy
P
Phosphate
P-CNPs
Polygonal cerium oxide nanoparticles
pe
Electrochemical potential
PVP
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
R-CNPs
Rod cerium oxide nanoparticles
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
S-CNPs
Spherical cerium oxide nanoparticles
STXM
X-ray scanning transmission microscopy
V o
ÁÁ
Oxygen vacancy
WWTPs
Wastewater treatment plants
XANES
X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum
XPS
X-ray photoelectron spectrum
1 Introduction
Cerium, the most abundant of the rare earth elements, has attracted considerable
attention in the field of materials science and biological applications with its unique
electronic configuration of [Xe]4f
1 5d
1 6s
2 (Montini et al. 2016). In combination with
oxygen in a nanoscale formulation, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) adopt a
Surface Properties and Environmental Transformations Controlling the. . .
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