LITERATURE REVIEW
to the extensive degradation witnessed in Posidonia oceanica meadows, especially in
deep-seated meadows (Frangoudes et al., 2020).
• Aquaculture farms contribute to pollution and eutrophication through uneaten feed and
fish excretion, while also causing a significant reduction in light intensity (Pérez et al.,
2008). Research on the impact of fish farms shows significant degradation of Posidonia
oceanica in all the sectors studied. Generally, when fish cages have been placed over a
P. oceanica meadow, the meadow is severely degraded or has disappeared, depending
on the age of the farm (Boudouresque et al., 2006).
• Posidonia oceanica meadows adjacent to agricultural hinterland especially plastic
greenhouses have been identified as hotspots for microplastic contamination (Grego et
al., 2022). For other species, they can interfere with seagrass respiration and
photosynthesis processes, potentially harming the ecosystem (Rasyid et al., 2022).
• Invasive and introduced species as Caulerpa cylindracea or Caulerpa taxifolia are
capable of invading upon sparsely populated Posidonia oceanica meadows (Deudero et
al., 2011; Bernardeau-Esteller et al., 2020). The impact of competition with Posidonia
oceanica could lead to a reduction in density, as is the case with Caulerpa taxifolia
(Molenaar et al., 2009).
• High herbivory pressure can have negative impacts on Posidonia oceanica meadows.
The herbivory pressure can lead to reduce primary production, defoliation rates, nutrient
content, and canopy structure (Gera et al., 2013; Buñuel et al., 2023).
to the extensive degradation witnessed in Posidonia oceanica meadows, especially in
deep-seated meadows (Frangoudes et al., 2020).
• Aquaculture farms contribute to pollution and eutrophication through uneaten feed and
fish excretion, while also causing a significant reduction in light intensity (Pérez et al.,
2008). Research on the impact of fish farms shows significant degradation of Posidonia
oceanica in all the sectors studied. Generally, when fish cages have been placed over a
P. oceanica meadow, the meadow is severely degraded or has disappeared, depending
on the age of the farm (Boudouresque et al., 2006).
• Posidonia oceanica meadows adjacent to agricultural hinterland especially plastic
greenhouses have been identified as hotspots for microplastic contamination (Grego et
al., 2022). For other species, they can interfere with seagrass respiration and
photosynthesis processes, potentially harming the ecosystem (Rasyid et al., 2022).
• Invasive and introduced species as Caulerpa cylindracea or Caulerpa taxifolia are
capable of invading upon sparsely populated Posidonia oceanica meadows (Deudero et
al., 2011; Bernardeau-Esteller et al., 2020). The impact of competition with Posidonia
oceanica could lead to a reduction in density, as is the case with Caulerpa taxifolia
(Molenaar et al., 2009).
• High herbivory pressure can have negative impacts on Posidonia oceanica meadows.
The herbivory pressure can lead to reduce primary production, defoliation rates, nutrient
content, and canopy structure (Gera et al., 2013; Buñuel et al., 2023).