344
uptakes. Another factor that is commonly studied was the biosorbent dosage. A
right amount of biosorbent-to-liquid ratio can give the best results as too high dosage does not help if the number of metallic ions is low. Too low of a dosage means
there will not be enough active sites to capture all the metallic ions.
Two adsorption models were suggested for the kinetics of adsorption of heavy
metals by fruit cortexes. They were pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intraparticle diffusion model. It was found that through the intraparticle diffusion model,
the metals must first attach to the active sites and then penetrate through to the inner
pores of the surface sites. The relationship between the mass of biosorbent and mass
of heavy metals can be explained using the Langmuir isotherm model as reported by
majority of the researchers.
Based on the review of this chapter, waste fruit cortexes prove to be a low cost,
easily available, efficient, and easy to handle biosorbent in the removal of heavy
metals from water. By having a cheaper and easily handled method, it is much easier
to convince the small and big manufacturing industries to take part in proper and
safe wastewater treatment method for the safety and well-being of humans and
environment.
References
Abaliwano JK, Ghebremichael KA, Amy GL (2008) Application of the purified Moringa oleifera coagulant for surface water treatment. Watermill working paper series. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/3546108/Application_of_the_Purified_Moringa_Oleifera_
Coagulant_for_Surface_Water_Treatment
Abdel-Ghani NT, El-Chaghaby G (2014) Biosorption for metal ions removal from aqueous solutions: a review of recent studies. Int J Latest Res Sci Technol 3(1):24–42. Retrieved from http://
www.mnkjournals.com/ijlrst.htm
Abdel-Ghani NT, Hegazy AK, El-Chaghaby GA (2009) Typha domingensis leaf powder for decontamination of aluminium, iron, zinc and lead: biosorption kinetics and equilibrium modeling.
Int J Environ Sci Technol 6:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327628
Abdul Khalil HPS, Siti Alwani M, Mohd Omar AK (2006) Chemical composition, anatomy,
lignin distribution, and cell wall structures of Malaysian plant waste fibers. Bioresources
1(2):220–232. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.1.2.220-232
Acemioglu B, Alma MH (2001) Equilibrium studies on adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution
onto cellulose. J Colloid Interface Sci 243(1):81–84. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7873
Ahmaruzzaman M (2011) Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 166:36–59. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.005
Ajila CM, Bhat SG, Prasada Rao UJS (2007) Valuable components of raw and ripe peels from
two Indian mango varieties. Food Chem 102(4):1006–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foodchem.2006.06.036
Al-Asheh S, Duvnjak Z (1997) Sorption of cadmium and other heavy metals by pine bark. J
Hazard Mater 56(1–2):35–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00040-X
Alencar WS, Acayanka E, Lima EC, Royer B, de Souza FE, Lameira J, Alves CN (2012) Application
of Mangifera indica (mango) seeds as a biosorbent for removal of Victazol orange 3R dye from
aqueous solution and study of the biosorption mechanism. Chem Eng J 209:577–588. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.053
S. Ganesan
uptakes. Another factor that is commonly studied was the biosorbent dosage. A
right amount of biosorbent-to-liquid ratio can give the best results as too high dosage does not help if the number of metallic ions is low. Too low of a dosage means
there will not be enough active sites to capture all the metallic ions.
Two adsorption models were suggested for the kinetics of adsorption of heavy
metals by fruit cortexes. They were pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intraparticle diffusion model. It was found that through the intraparticle diffusion model,
the metals must first attach to the active sites and then penetrate through to the inner
pores of the surface sites. The relationship between the mass of biosorbent and mass
of heavy metals can be explained using the Langmuir isotherm model as reported by
majority of the researchers.
Based on the review of this chapter, waste fruit cortexes prove to be a low cost,
easily available, efficient, and easy to handle biosorbent in the removal of heavy
metals from water. By having a cheaper and easily handled method, it is much easier
to convince the small and big manufacturing industries to take part in proper and
safe wastewater treatment method for the safety and well-being of humans and
environment.
References
Abaliwano JK, Ghebremichael KA, Amy GL (2008) Application of the purified Moringa oleifera coagulant for surface water treatment. Watermill working paper series. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/3546108/Application_of_the_Purified_Moringa_Oleifera_
Coagulant_for_Surface_Water_Treatment
Abdel-Ghani NT, El-Chaghaby G (2014) Biosorption for metal ions removal from aqueous solutions: a review of recent studies. Int J Latest Res Sci Technol 3(1):24–42. Retrieved from http://
www.mnkjournals.com/ijlrst.htm
Abdel-Ghani NT, Hegazy AK, El-Chaghaby GA (2009) Typha domingensis leaf powder for decontamination of aluminium, iron, zinc and lead: biosorption kinetics and equilibrium modeling.
Int J Environ Sci Technol 6:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327628
Abdul Khalil HPS, Siti Alwani M, Mohd Omar AK (2006) Chemical composition, anatomy,
lignin distribution, and cell wall structures of Malaysian plant waste fibers. Bioresources
1(2):220–232. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.1.2.220-232
Acemioglu B, Alma MH (2001) Equilibrium studies on adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution
onto cellulose. J Colloid Interface Sci 243(1):81–84. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7873
Ahmaruzzaman M (2011) Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 166:36–59. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.005
Ajila CM, Bhat SG, Prasada Rao UJS (2007) Valuable components of raw and ripe peels from
two Indian mango varieties. Food Chem 102(4):1006–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foodchem.2006.06.036
Al-Asheh S, Duvnjak Z (1997) Sorption of cadmium and other heavy metals by pine bark. J
Hazard Mater 56(1–2):35–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00040-X
Alencar WS, Acayanka E, Lima EC, Royer B, de Souza FE, Lameira J, Alves CN (2012) Application
of Mangifera indica (mango) seeds as a biosorbent for removal of Victazol orange 3R dye from
aqueous solution and study of the biosorption mechanism. Chem Eng J 209:577–588. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.053
S. Ganesan