323
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_13
Chapter 13
Waste Fruit Cortexes for the Removal
of Heavy Metals from Water
Shangeetha Ganesan
Contents
13.1 Introduction
324
13.2 Waste Fruit Cortexes as Biosorbents
327
13.2.1 Banana Peel as Biosorbent
328
13.2.2 Citrus Peel as Biosorbent
330
13.2.3 Other Fruit Peels as Biosorbent
331
13.3 Heavy Metal Adsorption Mechanisms for Waste Fruit Cortexes
331
13.4 Factors Affecting Metal Ion Biosorption
336
13.4.1 Effect of pH
336
13.4.2 Effect of Initial Metal Concentration
338
13.4.3 Effect of Bioadsorbent Dosage
339
13.5 Adsorption Models
340
13.6 Equilibrium Isotherms for Biosorption
342
13.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm
342
13.7 Conclusions
343
References
344
Abstract In the recent years, contaminants of emerging concerns took the scientific community by a storm with one of the main issues being water security.
Wastewater from the industries has been found to contaminate our water sources
with heavy metals. Waste fruit cortexes made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin,
and lignin contain numerous hydroxyl and carboxyl bonds that are mandatory in the
removal of heavy metals in water. This chapter highlights the various types of fruit
cortexes that are available as a biosorbent for heavy metal removal from water.
Some of the commonly studied fruits were banana, orange, and mango, among
which the various citrus peels showed highest adsorption capacity for most metals.
Complexation and ion exchange are the commonly suggested mechanism for biosorption of heavy metals from water. Other than that, various factors were found to
affect the uptake of metallic ions by waste fruit cortexes. The best pH reported for
S. Ganesan (*)
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
e-mail: shangeetha@usm.my
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_13
Chapter 13
Waste Fruit Cortexes for the Removal
of Heavy Metals from Water
Shangeetha Ganesan
Contents
13.1 Introduction
324
13.2 Waste Fruit Cortexes as Biosorbents
327
13.2.1 Banana Peel as Biosorbent
328
13.2.2 Citrus Peel as Biosorbent
330
13.2.3 Other Fruit Peels as Biosorbent
331
13.3 Heavy Metal Adsorption Mechanisms for Waste Fruit Cortexes
331
13.4 Factors Affecting Metal Ion Biosorption
336
13.4.1 Effect of pH
336
13.4.2 Effect of Initial Metal Concentration
338
13.4.3 Effect of Bioadsorbent Dosage
339
13.5 Adsorption Models
340
13.6 Equilibrium Isotherms for Biosorption
342
13.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm
342
13.7 Conclusions
343
References
344
Abstract In the recent years, contaminants of emerging concerns took the scientific community by a storm with one of the main issues being water security.
Wastewater from the industries has been found to contaminate our water sources
with heavy metals. Waste fruit cortexes made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin,
and lignin contain numerous hydroxyl and carboxyl bonds that are mandatory in the
removal of heavy metals in water. This chapter highlights the various types of fruit
cortexes that are available as a biosorbent for heavy metal removal from water.
Some of the commonly studied fruits were banana, orange, and mango, among
which the various citrus peels showed highest adsorption capacity for most metals.
Complexation and ion exchange are the commonly suggested mechanism for biosorption of heavy metals from water. Other than that, various factors were found to
affect the uptake of metallic ions by waste fruit cortexes. The best pH reported for
S. Ganesan (*)
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
e-mail: shangeetha@usm.my