303
11.5 Conclusion
This review chapter provides information about dyes, its classification, various
treatment methods, and adsorptive properties of a wide range of adsorbents such as
commercial activated carbon, industrial solid materials, agricultural by-products,
biosorbents, natural materials, ion exchangers, etc. As was provided, adsorption is
very easy to operate, economic, selective, and highly effective. It is considered to be
the most favored method for hazardous dye removal. Inexpensive and locally available raw materials, wastes, or treated ones are a cheaper alternative for expensive
commercial activated carbon. Among huge amount of literature data and review
papers concerning removal of various types of dyes, mentioned here, it is observed
that adsorption efficiency, the mechanism of dyes binding, and kinetics depend on
the properties of adsorbate, adsorbents, as well as experimental conditions (initial
concentration of dye, pH of solutions, dose of adsorbent, phase contact time, temperature, etc.). Additionally as was observed, the pseudo first-order and the pseudo
second-order kinetics as well as the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are
the most popular for evaluation of dye uptake by different adsorptive materials.
Although much has already been achieved in the field of dye removal from
wastewater, further increased research is needed to better understanding of the
mechanisms of dyes binding, to predict the sorptive properties of adsorbents in real
wastewaters systems, and to use low-cost sorbents on macro industrial scale.
References
Acemiǒglu B (2004) Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution onto calcium-rich fly ash. J
Colloid Interface Sci 274:371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.019
Afroze S, Sen TK (2018) A review on heavy metal ions and dye adsorption from water by agricultural solid waste adsorbents. Water Air Soil Pollut 229:225. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11270-018-3869-z
Ahmaruzzaman M (2010) A review on the utilization of fly ash. PECS 36:327–363. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003
Ahmaruzzaman M (2011) Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 166:36–59. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.005
Aki MA, Youssef AM, Al-Awadhi MM (2013) Adsorption of acid dyes onto bentonite and surfactantmodified bentonite. J Anal Bioanal Technol 4:1–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000174
Aksu Z (2005) Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review. Proc
Biochemist 40:997–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.04.008
Aksu Z, Dönmez G (2003) A comparative study on the biosorption characteristics of some
yeasts for Remazol Blue reactive dye. Chemosphere 50:1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0045-6535(02)00623-9
Al-Asheh S, Banat F, Abu-Aitah L (2003) The removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using activated and non-activated bentonites. Adsorpt Sci Technol 21:452–463. https://
doi.org/10.1260/026361703769645780
11 Characteristics and Adsorptive Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes
11.5 Conclusion
This review chapter provides information about dyes, its classification, various
treatment methods, and adsorptive properties of a wide range of adsorbents such as
commercial activated carbon, industrial solid materials, agricultural by-products,
biosorbents, natural materials, ion exchangers, etc. As was provided, adsorption is
very easy to operate, economic, selective, and highly effective. It is considered to be
the most favored method for hazardous dye removal. Inexpensive and locally available raw materials, wastes, or treated ones are a cheaper alternative for expensive
commercial activated carbon. Among huge amount of literature data and review
papers concerning removal of various types of dyes, mentioned here, it is observed
that adsorption efficiency, the mechanism of dyes binding, and kinetics depend on
the properties of adsorbate, adsorbents, as well as experimental conditions (initial
concentration of dye, pH of solutions, dose of adsorbent, phase contact time, temperature, etc.). Additionally as was observed, the pseudo first-order and the pseudo
second-order kinetics as well as the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are
the most popular for evaluation of dye uptake by different adsorptive materials.
Although much has already been achieved in the field of dye removal from
wastewater, further increased research is needed to better understanding of the
mechanisms of dyes binding, to predict the sorptive properties of adsorbents in real
wastewaters systems, and to use low-cost sorbents on macro industrial scale.
References
Acemiǒglu B (2004) Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution onto calcium-rich fly ash. J
Colloid Interface Sci 274:371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.019
Afroze S, Sen TK (2018) A review on heavy metal ions and dye adsorption from water by agricultural solid waste adsorbents. Water Air Soil Pollut 229:225. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11270-018-3869-z
Ahmaruzzaman M (2010) A review on the utilization of fly ash. PECS 36:327–363. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003
Ahmaruzzaman M (2011) Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 166:36–59. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.005
Aki MA, Youssef AM, Al-Awadhi MM (2013) Adsorption of acid dyes onto bentonite and surfactantmodified bentonite. J Anal Bioanal Technol 4:1–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000174
Aksu Z (2005) Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review. Proc
Biochemist 40:997–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.04.008
Aksu Z, Dönmez G (2003) A comparative study on the biosorption characteristics of some
yeasts for Remazol Blue reactive dye. Chemosphere 50:1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0045-6535(02)00623-9
Al-Asheh S, Banat F, Abu-Aitah L (2003) The removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using activated and non-activated bentonites. Adsorpt Sci Technol 21:452–463. https://
doi.org/10.1260/026361703769645780
11 Characteristics and Adsorptive Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes