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© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_8
Chapter 8
Agricultural Waste Absorbents for Heavy
Metal Removal
Aneela Sabir, Faizah Altaf, Rida Batool, Muhammad Shafiq,
Rafi Ullah Khan, and Karl I. Jacob
Contents
8.1 Introduction
197
8.2 Chemistry and Toxicity of Heavy Metals
198
8.2.1 Arsenic (As)
199
8.2.2 Copper (Cu)
200
8.2.3 Cadmium (Cd)
200
8.2.4
Lead (Pb)
201
8.2.5 Chromium (Cr)
201
8.3 Heavy Metal Remediation Methods
201
8.3.1 Chemical Precipitation
202
8.3.2 Ion-Exchange Method
203
8.3.3 Electrodialysis
203
8.3.4 Coagulation/Flocculation
204
8.3.5 Ultrafiltration
204
8.3.6 Membrane Filtration
204
8.3.7 Reverse Osmosis
205
8.3.8 Adsorption
205
8.3.9 Kinds of Adsorption
206
A. Sabir (*) · M. Shafiq · R. U. Khan
Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
e-mail: aneela.pet.ceet@pu.edu.pk
F. Altaf · R. Batool
Department of Environmental Sciences (Chemistry), Fatima Jinnah Women University,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA, USA
K. I. Jacob
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA, USA