134
modifications of cellulose further enhance the binding capacity and reusability.
Chemical modifications of natural cellulosic materials yield cellulose beads, gels,
derivatives, and composites and these new materials are cheap, non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, rigid, and reusable in many cycles with metal recovery
capacity. Some of the modified cellulose may even have adsorption capacities like
commercial adsorbents. The modified cellulose demonstrates 90–95% regeneration
ability. Biochars and activated carbon may also be prepared from diverse sources by
thermal reaction and have potential as replacement for commercial activated carbon. All these properties make them attractive for wastewater treatment. Finally, it
may be concluded that the cellulose and its products have immense potential for use
as cost-effective adsorbent and can play a major role in water and wastewater
treatment.
References
Abdel-Halim SH, Shehata AMA, El-Shahat MF (2003) Removal of lead ions from industrial
waste water by different types of natural materials. Water Res 37(7):1678–1683. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00554-7
Acar FN, Eren Z (2006) Removal of Cu(II) ions by activated poplar sawdust (Samsun Clone)
from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 137(2):909–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jhazmat.2006.03.014
Ahluwalia SS, Goyal D (2007) Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 98(12):2243–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2005.12.006
Ahmad R, Rao RAK, Masood MM (2005) Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from synthetic
and industrial wastewater using bark of Pinus roxburghii as an adsorbent. Water Qual Res J
40(4):462–468. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.049
Ajmal M, Rao RAK, Siddiqui BA (1996) Studies on removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from electroplating wastes. Water Res 30(6):1478–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00301-0
Ajmal M, Rao RAK, Anwar S, Ahmad J, Ahmad R (2003) Adsorption studies on rice husk:
removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 86(2):147–149. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00159-1
Alaerts GJ, Jitjaturunt V, Kelderman P (1989) Use of coconut shell-based activated carbon for
chromium (VI) removal. Water Sci Technol 21(12):1701–1704
Alqudami A, Alhemiary NA, Munassar S (2012) Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from water by
Fe and Ag nanoparticles prepared using electro-exploding wire technique. Environ Sci Pollut
Res 19(7):2832–2841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0788-1
Anirudhan TS, Senan P (2011) Adsorption characteristics of cytochrome C onto cationic Langmuir
monolayers of sulfonated poly (glycidylmethacrylate)-grafted cellulose: mass transfer analysis, isotherm modeling and thermodynamics. Chem Eng J 168(2):678–690. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.056
Babel K (2004) Porous structure evolution of cellulose carbon fibres during heating in
the initial activation stage. Fuel Process Technol 85(1):75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0378-3820(03)00109-7
Baes AU, Umali SJP, Mercado RL (1996) Ion exchange and adsorption of some heavy metals
in a modified coconut coir cation exchanger. Water Sci Technol 34(11):193–200. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0273-1223(96)00838-4
S. Nag and S. Biswas
modifications of cellulose further enhance the binding capacity and reusability.
Chemical modifications of natural cellulosic materials yield cellulose beads, gels,
derivatives, and composites and these new materials are cheap, non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, rigid, and reusable in many cycles with metal recovery
capacity. Some of the modified cellulose may even have adsorption capacities like
commercial adsorbents. The modified cellulose demonstrates 90–95% regeneration
ability. Biochars and activated carbon may also be prepared from diverse sources by
thermal reaction and have potential as replacement for commercial activated carbon. All these properties make them attractive for wastewater treatment. Finally, it
may be concluded that the cellulose and its products have immense potential for use
as cost-effective adsorbent and can play a major role in water and wastewater
treatment.
References
Abdel-Halim SH, Shehata AMA, El-Shahat MF (2003) Removal of lead ions from industrial
waste water by different types of natural materials. Water Res 37(7):1678–1683. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00554-7
Acar FN, Eren Z (2006) Removal of Cu(II) ions by activated poplar sawdust (Samsun Clone)
from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 137(2):909–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jhazmat.2006.03.014
Ahluwalia SS, Goyal D (2007) Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 98(12):2243–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2005.12.006
Ahmad R, Rao RAK, Masood MM (2005) Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from synthetic
and industrial wastewater using bark of Pinus roxburghii as an adsorbent. Water Qual Res J
40(4):462–468. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.049
Ajmal M, Rao RAK, Siddiqui BA (1996) Studies on removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from electroplating wastes. Water Res 30(6):1478–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00301-0
Ajmal M, Rao RAK, Anwar S, Ahmad J, Ahmad R (2003) Adsorption studies on rice husk:
removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 86(2):147–149. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00159-1
Alaerts GJ, Jitjaturunt V, Kelderman P (1989) Use of coconut shell-based activated carbon for
chromium (VI) removal. Water Sci Technol 21(12):1701–1704
Alqudami A, Alhemiary NA, Munassar S (2012) Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from water by
Fe and Ag nanoparticles prepared using electro-exploding wire technique. Environ Sci Pollut
Res 19(7):2832–2841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0788-1
Anirudhan TS, Senan P (2011) Adsorption characteristics of cytochrome C onto cationic Langmuir
monolayers of sulfonated poly (glycidylmethacrylate)-grafted cellulose: mass transfer analysis, isotherm modeling and thermodynamics. Chem Eng J 168(2):678–690. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.056
Babel K (2004) Porous structure evolution of cellulose carbon fibres during heating in
the initial activation stage. Fuel Process Technol 85(1):75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0378-3820(03)00109-7
Baes AU, Umali SJP, Mercado RL (1996) Ion exchange and adsorption of some heavy metals
in a modified coconut coir cation exchanger. Water Sci Technol 34(11):193–200. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0273-1223(96)00838-4
S. Nag and S. Biswas