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© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_1
Chapter 1
Synthesis of Activated Carbons for Heavy
Metals Removal
Babatunde Oladipo, Taiwo H. Ibrahim, Sheriff O. Ajala,
Aramide M. Akintunde, Abiola E. Taiwo, and Eriola Betiku
Contents
1.1 Introduction
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1.2 Types of Activated Carbon
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1.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon
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1.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon
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1.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon
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1.3 Methods of Preparation of Activated Carbon
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1.3.1 Feedstock for Activated Carbon Production
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1.3.2 Preparation of Activated Carbon
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1.4 Types of Surface Modification and Treatment of Activated Carbon
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1.4.1 Surface Modification by Oxidation
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1.4.2 Surface Modification by Sulfuration
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1.4.3 Surface Modification by Nitrogenation
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1.4.4 Surface Modification by Coordinated Ligand Functionalization
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1.5 Factors Affecting the Performance of Activated Carbon
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1.5.1 Effects of Physical and Operational Parameters
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B. Oladipo · E. Betiku (*)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University,
Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
e-mail: ebetiku@oauife.edu.ng
T. H. Ibrahim
National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
S. O. Ajala
Frank H. Dotterweich College of Engineering-Sustainable Energy,
Texas A&M University Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
A. M. Akintunde
Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University Kingsville,
Kingsville, TX, USA
A. E. Taiwo
Department of Chemical Engineering, Landmark University,
Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria