management. This future research could for
example build on the Mayors Adapt Twinning
Programme or the City-to-City Sharing Initiative
of UNISDR, where cities facing similar challenges are brought together for in-depth peer
learning exchanges. Besides, the research could
also be expanded to programs or projects that
were not set up by city networks but have similar
formats and objectives such as the North Sea
Region (NSR) Interreg project Blue Green
Infrastructure through Social Innovation
(BEGIN) (Interreg nd).
The interviews showed that many cities tend
to focus their attention on pioneering or frontrunner cities, aiming at learning from those
models. However, no matter how progressive
and successful these few frontrunners are, the
majority of cities which need to urgently adapt to
climate change and become more resilient are
indeed the non frontrunners. This raises the
critical question of how frontrunners can truly
help other cities in following their example? Can
the successful measures of a global frontrunner
city just be downscaled or transferred to a different context? Besides, a strict division into a
‘learning’ and a ‘teaching’ city to a certain extent
also contradicts with the existing definitions of
C2CL that emphasizes the importance of sharing
and exchanging knowledge in order to learn and
improve together.
References
100RC (2016) 100RC network exchange program. https://
www.100resilientcities.org/100rc-network-exchangeprogram/
100RC (2018) 100 resilient cities. https://www.
100resilientcities.org/
ACCCRN (2018) Our history. https://www.acccrn.net/
about-acccrn/history
Andonova L, Betsill M, Bulkeley H (2009) Transnational
climate governance. Glob Environ Polit 9(2):52–73
Andrews M, Manning N (2016) A guide to peer-to-peer
learning. How to make peer-to-peer support and
learning effective in the public sector?, Effective
Institutions Platform
Azzali S (2016) Mega-events and urban planning: Doha
as a case study. Urban Des Int 1:3–12
Barber BR (2013) If Mayors ruled the world: dysfunctional nations, rising cities. Yale University Press,
New Haven, USA
Beermann J (2014) Urban partnerships in low-carbon
development: opportunities and challenges of an
emerging trend in global climate politics. URBE.
Rev Bras de Gest Urbana (Braz J Urban Manag) 6
(2):170–183
Bennett CJ, Howlett M (1992) The lessons of learning:
reconciling theories of policy learning and policy
change. Policy Sci 25(3):275–294
Bouteligier S (2013) Inequality in new global governance
arrangements: the North–South divide in transnational
municipal networks. Innov: Eur J Soc Sci Res 26
(3):251–267
Bradford N (2004) Place matters and multi-level governance: perspectives on a new urban policy paradigm.
Policy Options 25:39–44
Bulkeley H (2010) Cities and the governing of climate
change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 35:229–253
Bulkeley H, Castán Broto V (2012) Government by
experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate
change. Trans Inst Br Geogr 38(3):361–375
Bulkeley H, Davies A, Evans B, Gibbs D, Kern K,
Theobald K (2003) Environmental governance and
transnational municipal networks in Europe. J Environ
Plan Policy 5(3):235–254
Bulkeley H, Schroeder H (2012) Beyond state/non-state
divides: global cities and the governing of climate
change. Eur J Int Relat 18(4):743–766
C40 (2018) C40 cities climate leadership group. https://
www.c40.org
Calzada I (2016) (Un)Plugging smart cities with urban
transformations: towards multi-stakeholder cityregional complex urbanity? URBS, Rev de Estud
Urbanos y Cienc Soc J 6(2):25–45
Campbell T (2012) Beyond smart cities: how cities
network, learn and innovate. London
CDIA (2014) CDIA investing in Asia’s future. https://
cdia.asia/
CityNet (nd) About. https://citynet-ap.org
Covenant of Mayors (2017) Twinning programme on
adaptation to climate change: the main outcomes in key
figures!.
https://eumayors.eu/news-and-events/news/
1448-twinning-programme-on-adaptation-to-climatechange-the-main-outcomes-in-key-figures.html
Covenant of Mayors (n.d) Covenant of Mayors for climate
and energy. https://www.covenantofmayors.eu/
Cleaner Energies Saving Mediterranean Cities (nd) New
2030 framework and integration of adaptation. https://
www.covenantofmayors.eu/about/covenant-ofmayors_en.html
Compact of Mayors (nd) About. https://www.
globalcovenantofmayors.org
De Gregorio Hurtado S, Olazabal M, Salvia M, Pietrapertosa F, Olazabal E, Geneletti D, D’Alonzo V, Di
Leo S, Reckien D (2015) Understanding how and why
cities engage with climate policy: an analysis of local
236
W. Haupt et al.
example build on the Mayors Adapt Twinning
Programme or the City-to-City Sharing Initiative
of UNISDR, where cities facing similar challenges are brought together for in-depth peer
learning exchanges. Besides, the research could
also be expanded to programs or projects that
were not set up by city networks but have similar
formats and objectives such as the North Sea
Region (NSR) Interreg project Blue Green
Infrastructure through Social Innovation
(BEGIN) (Interreg nd).
The interviews showed that many cities tend
to focus their attention on pioneering or frontrunner cities, aiming at learning from those
models. However, no matter how progressive
and successful these few frontrunners are, the
majority of cities which need to urgently adapt to
climate change and become more resilient are
indeed the non frontrunners. This raises the
critical question of how frontrunners can truly
help other cities in following their example? Can
the successful measures of a global frontrunner
city just be downscaled or transferred to a different context? Besides, a strict division into a
‘learning’ and a ‘teaching’ city to a certain extent
also contradicts with the existing definitions of
C2CL that emphasizes the importance of sharing
and exchanging knowledge in order to learn and
improve together.
References
100RC (2016) 100RC network exchange program. https://
www.100resilientcities.org/100rc-network-exchangeprogram/
100RC (2018) 100 resilient cities. https://www.
100resilientcities.org/
ACCCRN (2018) Our history. https://www.acccrn.net/
about-acccrn/history
Andonova L, Betsill M, Bulkeley H (2009) Transnational
climate governance. Glob Environ Polit 9(2):52–73
Andrews M, Manning N (2016) A guide to peer-to-peer
learning. How to make peer-to-peer support and
learning effective in the public sector?, Effective
Institutions Platform
Azzali S (2016) Mega-events and urban planning: Doha
as a case study. Urban Des Int 1:3–12
Barber BR (2013) If Mayors ruled the world: dysfunctional nations, rising cities. Yale University Press,
New Haven, USA
Beermann J (2014) Urban partnerships in low-carbon
development: opportunities and challenges of an
emerging trend in global climate politics. URBE.
Rev Bras de Gest Urbana (Braz J Urban Manag) 6
(2):170–183
Bennett CJ, Howlett M (1992) The lessons of learning:
reconciling theories of policy learning and policy
change. Policy Sci 25(3):275–294
Bouteligier S (2013) Inequality in new global governance
arrangements: the North–South divide in transnational
municipal networks. Innov: Eur J Soc Sci Res 26
(3):251–267
Bradford N (2004) Place matters and multi-level governance: perspectives on a new urban policy paradigm.
Policy Options 25:39–44
Bulkeley H (2010) Cities and the governing of climate
change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 35:229–253
Bulkeley H, Castán Broto V (2012) Government by
experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate
change. Trans Inst Br Geogr 38(3):361–375
Bulkeley H, Davies A, Evans B, Gibbs D, Kern K,
Theobald K (2003) Environmental governance and
transnational municipal networks in Europe. J Environ
Plan Policy 5(3):235–254
Bulkeley H, Schroeder H (2012) Beyond state/non-state
divides: global cities and the governing of climate
change. Eur J Int Relat 18(4):743–766
C40 (2018) C40 cities climate leadership group. https://
www.c40.org
Calzada I (2016) (Un)Plugging smart cities with urban
transformations: towards multi-stakeholder cityregional complex urbanity? URBS, Rev de Estud
Urbanos y Cienc Soc J 6(2):25–45
Campbell T (2012) Beyond smart cities: how cities
network, learn and innovate. London
CDIA (2014) CDIA investing in Asia’s future. https://
cdia.asia/
CityNet (nd) About. https://citynet-ap.org
Covenant of Mayors (2017) Twinning programme on
adaptation to climate change: the main outcomes in key
figures!.
https://eumayors.eu/news-and-events/news/
1448-twinning-programme-on-adaptation-to-climatechange-the-main-outcomes-in-key-figures.html
Covenant of Mayors (n.d) Covenant of Mayors for climate
and energy. https://www.covenantofmayors.eu/
Cleaner Energies Saving Mediterranean Cities (nd) New
2030 framework and integration of adaptation. https://
www.covenantofmayors.eu/about/covenant-ofmayors_en.html
Compact of Mayors (nd) About. https://www.
globalcovenantofmayors.org
De Gregorio Hurtado S, Olazabal M, Salvia M, Pietrapertosa F, Olazabal E, Geneletti D, D’Alonzo V, Di
Leo S, Reckien D (2015) Understanding how and why
cities engage with climate policy: an analysis of local
236
W. Haupt et al.