activities are to be linked, is the basis for the
actual implementation. Ultimately, a system must
be able to mobilize resources that are not currently included in the system. Thus, a major
focus that plays a role in the efficiency of
industrial symbiosis is the nature of the linkage.
Depending on the type of raw material or residual material for which the exchange is to be
practiced within the industrial symbiosis, connections according to the bilateral, core or cascade principle are suitable for this purpose (von
Koerber 2016).
Creating a more cyclical economy that preserves the value of products, substances and
resources within the economy for as long as
possible and produces as little waste as feasible,
is a major contribution to countries’ efforts to
achieve a sustainable, low carbon, resource efficient and competitive economy. One of the key
ethical starting points for sustainable development is the principle of social responsibility,
which is reflected in the demands for inter- and
intra-generational justice (Hemphill 2013).
Another core element is the circulation principle,
in which, analogously to closed cycles in
ecosystems, the ideal picture of economic activity is developed under the objective that quantities of material and energy used in the production
process do not leave the economic process
(McDonough and Braungart 2002). Finally, the
third element is the cooperative principle, which
calls for coordination between the actors (Grice
1975; Davies 2007). The idea of closed material
cycles, which is a key feature of the circulation
principle according to McDonough and Braungart (2002), can usually only be achieved
through the cooperation of different parties
involved (in the respective value chains). While
in many companies the in-house possibilities for
improvement that are economically meaningful
under the given conditions are almost exhausted,
measures that are cooperatively implemented by
several companies open up new design horizons,
especially since internal use is partly impossible
for technical reasons. Furthermore, development
since the International Climate and Energy Event
in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 2015 (Rio15) has
emphasised the necessity of modified forms of
communication and cooperation, and novel
institutions for negotiating and realizing sustainable development processes, which further
highlight the future significance of this cooperation principle. These principles also form the
basis for industrial symbiosis.
1.3 Industrial Symbiosis as Tool
for Integrated Resources
Management
Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM) is a spatial planning approach combining water management and water protection at
the level of the catchment area (Grigg 2008;
Global Water Partnership GWP 2000). The definition of IWRM was given by the Technical
Committee (TEC, former Technical Advisory
Committee, TAC), of the Global Water Partnership (GWP). It states that IWRM is “A process
which promotes the coordinated development
and management of water, land and related
resources, in order to maximize the resultant
economic and social welfare in an equitable
manner without compromising the sustainability
of vital ecosystems.” (GWP 2000). The aim is to
coordinate the influences on the water body in an
interdisciplinary approach in such a way as to
ensure the best possible status for humans and
nature, independent of political boundaries.
IWRM principles include: planning for all water
sources; addressing water quantity, quality and
ecosystem needs; incorporating principles of
efficiency, equity and public participation; and
having a multidisciplinary approach and sharing
of information (GWP 2004; UNESCO 2009;
Bielsa and Cazcarro 2014). IWRM is based on a
management approach for balancing water
demand and availability under a spatial planning
approach (Grigg 2008). As the gap between
water availability and water demand continues to
widen, so does the competition of individual
water users for scarce resources (Schneider and
Avellan 2019). The overall scope of IWRM is to
ensure water security on the catchment scale
(Schneider and Avellan 2019), but it doesn’t
consider sufficiently
inter-sectoral
water
206
J. von Koerber et al.
actual implementation. Ultimately, a system must
be able to mobilize resources that are not currently included in the system. Thus, a major
focus that plays a role in the efficiency of
industrial symbiosis is the nature of the linkage.
Depending on the type of raw material or residual material for which the exchange is to be
practiced within the industrial symbiosis, connections according to the bilateral, core or cascade principle are suitable for this purpose (von
Koerber 2016).
Creating a more cyclical economy that preserves the value of products, substances and
resources within the economy for as long as
possible and produces as little waste as feasible,
is a major contribution to countries’ efforts to
achieve a sustainable, low carbon, resource efficient and competitive economy. One of the key
ethical starting points for sustainable development is the principle of social responsibility,
which is reflected in the demands for inter- and
intra-generational justice (Hemphill 2013).
Another core element is the circulation principle,
in which, analogously to closed cycles in
ecosystems, the ideal picture of economic activity is developed under the objective that quantities of material and energy used in the production
process do not leave the economic process
(McDonough and Braungart 2002). Finally, the
third element is the cooperative principle, which
calls for coordination between the actors (Grice
1975; Davies 2007). The idea of closed material
cycles, which is a key feature of the circulation
principle according to McDonough and Braungart (2002), can usually only be achieved
through the cooperation of different parties
involved (in the respective value chains). While
in many companies the in-house possibilities for
improvement that are economically meaningful
under the given conditions are almost exhausted,
measures that are cooperatively implemented by
several companies open up new design horizons,
especially since internal use is partly impossible
for technical reasons. Furthermore, development
since the International Climate and Energy Event
in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 2015 (Rio15) has
emphasised the necessity of modified forms of
communication and cooperation, and novel
institutions for negotiating and realizing sustainable development processes, which further
highlight the future significance of this cooperation principle. These principles also form the
basis for industrial symbiosis.
1.3 Industrial Symbiosis as Tool
for Integrated Resources
Management
Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM) is a spatial planning approach combining water management and water protection at
the level of the catchment area (Grigg 2008;
Global Water Partnership GWP 2000). The definition of IWRM was given by the Technical
Committee (TEC, former Technical Advisory
Committee, TAC), of the Global Water Partnership (GWP). It states that IWRM is “A process
which promotes the coordinated development
and management of water, land and related
resources, in order to maximize the resultant
economic and social welfare in an equitable
manner without compromising the sustainability
of vital ecosystems.” (GWP 2000). The aim is to
coordinate the influences on the water body in an
interdisciplinary approach in such a way as to
ensure the best possible status for humans and
nature, independent of political boundaries.
IWRM principles include: planning for all water
sources; addressing water quantity, quality and
ecosystem needs; incorporating principles of
efficiency, equity and public participation; and
having a multidisciplinary approach and sharing
of information (GWP 2004; UNESCO 2009;
Bielsa and Cazcarro 2014). IWRM is based on a
management approach for balancing water
demand and availability under a spatial planning
approach (Grigg 2008). As the gap between
water availability and water demand continues to
widen, so does the competition of individual
water users for scarce resources (Schneider and
Avellan 2019). The overall scope of IWRM is to
ensure water security on the catchment scale
(Schneider and Avellan 2019), but it doesn’t
consider sufficiently
inter-sectoral
water
206
J. von Koerber et al.