resources congress 2011. American Society of Civil
Engineers, Reston, VA, pp 962–969. https://doi.org/
10.1061/41173(414)99
Modaberi S (2015) Water crisis in 350 aquifers. IRNA
News Agency (in Persian), news code: 81897497
(5074848). https://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81897497/.
Accessed 10 May 2016
Morady MA, Amidpour M, Hurijafari H, Mehrazma I
(2014) Agriculture sector energy demand analyzing
and modeling. Iran Energy J (in Persian) 17(2). https://
necjournals.ir/article-1-507-fa.html
Musavi SN, Farajzadeh Z, Taheri F (2013) The welfare
effect of energy subsidy reduction in Iranian agriculture sector. J Agric Econ Dev (in Persian) 26(4):298–
306.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?
id=190998
Nikbakht MA (2011) Agricultural electricity tariffs
announcement. Rajanews (in Persian). https://www.
rajanews.com/PrintFriendly.asp?id=77342. Accessed
15 Mar 2011
NKEPD Co. (2011) North Kerman Electrical Power
Distribution Company electricity tariffs (document in
Persian). https://www.nked.co.ir/index.php?option=
com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=
17&lang=fa. Accessed 4 Nov 2011
Nozaripur A (2015) Iran will be Somalia till 2025 by
reduction in water resources. IRNA News Agency (in
Persian), news code: 81500135(4499154). https://
www.irna.ir/fa/News/81500135/. Accessed 28 Feb
2016
OECD (2012) Meeting the water reform challenge.
OECD, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.1787/
9789264170001-en
Pfeiffer L, Lin C-YC (2014) The effects of energy prices
on agricultural groundwater extraction from the High
Plains Aquifer. Am J Agr Econ. https://doi.org/10.
1093/ajae/aau020
Purihosseini A (2015) Privatisation of electric power
since 2005. BarghNews (in Persian). Bargh News
Agency (in Persian). https://barghnews.com/fa/news/
10386. Accessed 20 May 2016
Richey AS, Thomas BF, Lo M-H, Famiglietti JS, Swenson S, Rodell M (2015) Uncertainty in global
groundwater storage estimates in a Total Groundwater
Stress framework. Water Resour Res 51(7):5198–
5216. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017351
Ringler C, Willenbockel D, Perez N, Rosegrant M, Zhu T,
Matthews N (2016) Global linkages among energy,
food and water: an economic assessment. J Environ
Stud Sci 6(1):161–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13412-016-0386-5
Rogers P, Hall AW (2003) Effective water governance
(TEC background paper No. Issue 7). Stockholm,
Sweden
Sadeghi Z, Shamsodin pour F, Mirzae HR (2017) The
feasibility of creating jobs in renewable energy using
input-output approach: a case study of solar and wind
energy. Iran J Econ (in Persian) 5(0):145–175. https://
doi.org/10.22054/JIEE.2017.7307
Scott CA, Shah T (2004) Groundwater overdraft reduction through agricultural energy policy: insights from
India and Mexico. Int J Water Resour Dev 20(2):149–
164. https://doi.org/10.1080/0790062042000206156
Scott CA, Kurian M, Wescoat JL Jr (2015) The waterenergy-food nexus: enhancing adaptive capacity to
complex global challenges. In: Kurian M, Ardakanian R (eds) Governing the nexus. Springer International Publishing, pp 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-319-05747-7_2
Shah T, Bhatt S, Shah RK, Talati J (2008) Groundwater
governance through electricity supply management:
assessing an innovative intervention in Gujarat, western
India. Agric Water Manag 95(11):1233–1242. https://
ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat/v95y2008i11p12331242.html
Shah T, Giordano M, Mukherji A (2012) Political
economy of the energy-groundwater nexus in India:
exploring issues and assessing policy options. Hydrogeol J 20(5):995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10040-011-0816-0
Shah T, Scott CA, Kishore A, Sharma A (2004) Energyirrigation nexus in South Asia: improving groundwater conservation and power sector viability (Research
Report No. 70). Colombo, Sri Lanka
Shahraki J, Hosseini SM, Khazai S (2016) Analysis of the
effects of the irrigation water subsidy reform on the
Iranian agricultural sector. Agric Econ Res (in Persian)
8(32):61–77. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.
aspx?ID=278873
Statistical Center of Iran (2014) Detailed results of the
general agricultural census in Iran (originally in
Persian). Tehran, Iran. https://www.amar.org.ir/
Portals/0/keshavarzi93/results/agri93-99.pdf
Tehran Chamber of Commerce (2017) Agriculture economic
growth. Eghtesadonline (in Persian). https://www.
eghtesadonline.com/n/14BW . Accessed 5 July 2018
The World Bank (2008) The political economy of policy
reform. Washington DC, USA. https://siteresources.
worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/The_
Political_Economy_of_Policy_Reform_Issues_and_
Implications_for_Policy_Dialogue_and_Development_
Operations.pdf
Theesfeld I (2010) Institutional challenges for national
groundwater governance: policies and issues. Ground
Water 48(1):131–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17456584.2009.00624.x
Thomson H (2014) Food and power: authoritarian regime
durability and agricultural policy. Faculty of Graduate
School of the University of Minnesota.
UNDP (2018) Sustainable development goals. https://
www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainabledevelopment-goals.html. Accessed 20 June 2018
UNU-FLORES (nd) The nexus approach to environmental resources management. https://flores.unu.edu/en/
research/nexus. Accessed 2 July 2018
von Heyking C-A, Jaghdani TJ (2017) Expansion of
photovoltaic technology (PV) as a solution for water
energy nexus in rural areas of Iran: comparative case
The Energy-Water Nexus in Iran …
127
Engineers, Reston, VA, pp 962–969. https://doi.org/
10.1061/41173(414)99
Modaberi S (2015) Water crisis in 350 aquifers. IRNA
News Agency (in Persian), news code: 81897497
(5074848). https://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81897497/.
Accessed 10 May 2016
Morady MA, Amidpour M, Hurijafari H, Mehrazma I
(2014) Agriculture sector energy demand analyzing
and modeling. Iran Energy J (in Persian) 17(2). https://
necjournals.ir/article-1-507-fa.html
Musavi SN, Farajzadeh Z, Taheri F (2013) The welfare
effect of energy subsidy reduction in Iranian agriculture sector. J Agric Econ Dev (in Persian) 26(4):298–
306.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?
id=190998
Nikbakht MA (2011) Agricultural electricity tariffs
announcement. Rajanews (in Persian). https://www.
rajanews.com/PrintFriendly.asp?id=77342. Accessed
15 Mar 2011
NKEPD Co. (2011) North Kerman Electrical Power
Distribution Company electricity tariffs (document in
Persian). https://www.nked.co.ir/index.php?option=
com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=
17&lang=fa. Accessed 4 Nov 2011
Nozaripur A (2015) Iran will be Somalia till 2025 by
reduction in water resources. IRNA News Agency (in
Persian), news code: 81500135(4499154). https://
www.irna.ir/fa/News/81500135/. Accessed 28 Feb
2016
OECD (2012) Meeting the water reform challenge.
OECD, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.1787/
9789264170001-en
Pfeiffer L, Lin C-YC (2014) The effects of energy prices
on agricultural groundwater extraction from the High
Plains Aquifer. Am J Agr Econ. https://doi.org/10.
1093/ajae/aau020
Purihosseini A (2015) Privatisation of electric power
since 2005. BarghNews (in Persian). Bargh News
Agency (in Persian). https://barghnews.com/fa/news/
10386. Accessed 20 May 2016
Richey AS, Thomas BF, Lo M-H, Famiglietti JS, Swenson S, Rodell M (2015) Uncertainty in global
groundwater storage estimates in a Total Groundwater
Stress framework. Water Resour Res 51(7):5198–
5216. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017351
Ringler C, Willenbockel D, Perez N, Rosegrant M, Zhu T,
Matthews N (2016) Global linkages among energy,
food and water: an economic assessment. J Environ
Stud Sci 6(1):161–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13412-016-0386-5
Rogers P, Hall AW (2003) Effective water governance
(TEC background paper No. Issue 7). Stockholm,
Sweden
Sadeghi Z, Shamsodin pour F, Mirzae HR (2017) The
feasibility of creating jobs in renewable energy using
input-output approach: a case study of solar and wind
energy. Iran J Econ (in Persian) 5(0):145–175. https://
doi.org/10.22054/JIEE.2017.7307
Scott CA, Shah T (2004) Groundwater overdraft reduction through agricultural energy policy: insights from
India and Mexico. Int J Water Resour Dev 20(2):149–
164. https://doi.org/10.1080/0790062042000206156
Scott CA, Kurian M, Wescoat JL Jr (2015) The waterenergy-food nexus: enhancing adaptive capacity to
complex global challenges. In: Kurian M, Ardakanian R (eds) Governing the nexus. Springer International Publishing, pp 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-319-05747-7_2
Shah T, Bhatt S, Shah RK, Talati J (2008) Groundwater
governance through electricity supply management:
assessing an innovative intervention in Gujarat, western
India. Agric Water Manag 95(11):1233–1242. https://
ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat/v95y2008i11p12331242.html
Shah T, Giordano M, Mukherji A (2012) Political
economy of the energy-groundwater nexus in India:
exploring issues and assessing policy options. Hydrogeol J 20(5):995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10040-011-0816-0
Shah T, Scott CA, Kishore A, Sharma A (2004) Energyirrigation nexus in South Asia: improving groundwater conservation and power sector viability (Research
Report No. 70). Colombo, Sri Lanka
Shahraki J, Hosseini SM, Khazai S (2016) Analysis of the
effects of the irrigation water subsidy reform on the
Iranian agricultural sector. Agric Econ Res (in Persian)
8(32):61–77. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.
aspx?ID=278873
Statistical Center of Iran (2014) Detailed results of the
general agricultural census in Iran (originally in
Persian). Tehran, Iran. https://www.amar.org.ir/
Portals/0/keshavarzi93/results/agri93-99.pdf
Tehran Chamber of Commerce (2017) Agriculture economic
growth. Eghtesadonline (in Persian). https://www.
eghtesadonline.com/n/14BW . Accessed 5 July 2018
The World Bank (2008) The political economy of policy
reform. Washington DC, USA. https://siteresources.
worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/The_
Political_Economy_of_Policy_Reform_Issues_and_
Implications_for_Policy_Dialogue_and_Development_
Operations.pdf
Theesfeld I (2010) Institutional challenges for national
groundwater governance: policies and issues. Ground
Water 48(1):131–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17456584.2009.00624.x
Thomson H (2014) Food and power: authoritarian regime
durability and agricultural policy. Faculty of Graduate
School of the University of Minnesota.
UNDP (2018) Sustainable development goals. https://
www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainabledevelopment-goals.html. Accessed 20 June 2018
UNU-FLORES (nd) The nexus approach to environmental resources management. https://flores.unu.edu/en/
research/nexus. Accessed 2 July 2018
von Heyking C-A, Jaghdani TJ (2017) Expansion of
photovoltaic technology (PV) as a solution for water
energy nexus in rural areas of Iran: comparative case
The Energy-Water Nexus in Iran …
127