12 Effects of Gravity Erosion on Particle Size Distribution
of Suspended Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12.1 A Review on the Study of Particle Size Distribution
of Suspended Sediment on Steep Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12.2 Characteristics of the Liudaogou Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.3 Methods and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12.4.1 Changes of PSDSS Affected by Gravity Erosion . . . . . 196
12.4.2 Effects of Gravity Erosion on d 50 , H, D . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
12.4.3 Changes of Enrichment/Dilution Ratios by Water
Erosion and Gravity Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.4.4 Causes of the Changes of PSDSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.4.5 Gravity Erosion and Hyper-Concentrated Flows . . . . . . 203
12.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
13 Tunnel Flow and Erosion Processes in an Experimental
Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13.1 A Brief Introduction on the Tunnel Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13.2 Characteristics of the Wangjiagou Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
13.3 Field Study Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.4.1 Hydrological Processes of Tunnel Flows . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.4.2 Sediment Processes of Tunnel Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
13.4.3 Tunnel Sediment Contributions to Catchment Yield . . . 222
13.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Additional Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Contents
xxi
of Suspended Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12.1 A Review on the Study of Particle Size Distribution
of Suspended Sediment on Steep Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12.2 Characteristics of the Liudaogou Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.3 Methods and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12.4.1 Changes of PSDSS Affected by Gravity Erosion . . . . . 196
12.4.2 Effects of Gravity Erosion on d 50 , H, D . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
12.4.3 Changes of Enrichment/Dilution Ratios by Water
Erosion and Gravity Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.4.4 Causes of the Changes of PSDSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.4.5 Gravity Erosion and Hyper-Concentrated Flows . . . . . . 203
12.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
13 Tunnel Flow and Erosion Processes in an Experimental
Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13.1 A Brief Introduction on the Tunnel Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13.2 Characteristics of the Wangjiagou Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
13.3 Field Study Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.4.1 Hydrological Processes of Tunnel Flows . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.4.2 Sediment Processes of Tunnel Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
13.4.3 Tunnel Sediment Contributions to Catchment Yield . . . 222
13.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Additional Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Contents
xxi