Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Part I Theories and Methods for Soil Conservation Experiments
2 Similarity of Model Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.1 Development of the Experimental Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.2 Purpose and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Similarity Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Experimental Methods and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1 Data for the Prototype Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.2 Landscape Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3 Performance of the Landscape Simulator and Data
Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.4 Executive Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.1 Counteraction of the Soil Loss Error Caused
by Different Rainfall Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.2 Calculation of Soil Loss Scale Number
and Relative Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.3 Validation of Soil Loss Scale Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5.4 Qualitative Analysis of Erosion Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 A Conventional Experimental Technique: Rainfall Simulation . . . . 29
3.1 Methods for Simulating the Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Rainfall Simulators with Thread Droppers or Needle
Droppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
xvii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Part I Theories and Methods for Soil Conservation Experiments
2 Similarity of Model Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.1 Development of the Experimental Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.2 Purpose and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Similarity Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Experimental Methods and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1 Data for the Prototype Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.2 Landscape Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3 Performance of the Landscape Simulator and Data
Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.4 Executive Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.1 Counteraction of the Soil Loss Error Caused
by Different Rainfall Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.2 Calculation of Soil Loss Scale Number
and Relative Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.3 Validation of Soil Loss Scale Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5.4 Qualitative Analysis of Erosion Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 A Conventional Experimental Technique: Rainfall Simulation . . . . 29
3.1 Methods for Simulating the Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Rainfall Simulators with Thread Droppers or Needle
Droppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
xvii