12.2 Chemistry
337
• Principle 1—Prevention: This entails restricting the generation of chemical
waste or cleaning it up after it has been generated (Anastas 2003; Anastas and
Eghbali 2010).
Explain one application of this concept in industries.
• Principle 2—Atom economy: This entails synthetic methods trying to optimize
the embedment of all materials utilized within the final production process. An
example of this is the peroxide process used for the production of hydrazine
without cogenerating salt. The net reaction results in the production of one
sodium chloride for equivalent product hydrazine, as shown in the equation
below:
NaOCl + 2 NH 3 −→ H 2 N-NH 2 + NaCl + H 2 O (Anastas 2003).
• Principle 3—Chemical syntheses: The principle emphasizes the need to use
less hazardous chemical syntheses. Ideally, it emphasizes that synthetic methods
should not use or generate substances that are toxic to the environment or humans
(Berger 2007).
• Principle 4—Safe chemicals: This principle emphasizes the need to design
chemicals that are non-harmful to the environment. Chemical products need to be
designed to attain their desired function while ensuring that they are non-toxic.
Identify some of the safe chemicals that are used for soap-making today.
• Principle 5—Auxiliaries and solvents: According to this principle, there is a
need to avoid auxiliary substances.
• Principle 6—Energy efficiency: The design for energy efficiency should be such
that energy requirements need to be reduced, and processes should be carried out
at ambient pressure and temperature.
• Principle 7—Renewable feedstocks: There is a need to prioritize renewable
feedstocks because of their sustainability.
• Principle 8—Reduce derivatives: There is a need to minimize or avoid unnecessary derivative generation.
• Principle 9—Catalysis: This principle emphasizes that catalytic reagents that can
be utilized in small quantities need to be prioritized to stoichiometric reagents
(the reagents consumed in a reaction) (Berger 2007).
337
• Principle 1—Prevention: This entails restricting the generation of chemical
waste or cleaning it up after it has been generated (Anastas 2003; Anastas and
Eghbali 2010).
Explain one application of this concept in industries.
• Principle 2—Atom economy: This entails synthetic methods trying to optimize
the embedment of all materials utilized within the final production process. An
example of this is the peroxide process used for the production of hydrazine
without cogenerating salt. The net reaction results in the production of one
sodium chloride for equivalent product hydrazine, as shown in the equation
below:
NaOCl + 2 NH 3 −→ H 2 N-NH 2 + NaCl + H 2 O (Anastas 2003).
• Principle 3—Chemical syntheses: The principle emphasizes the need to use
less hazardous chemical syntheses. Ideally, it emphasizes that synthetic methods
should not use or generate substances that are toxic to the environment or humans
(Berger 2007).
• Principle 4—Safe chemicals: This principle emphasizes the need to design
chemicals that are non-harmful to the environment. Chemical products need to be
designed to attain their desired function while ensuring that they are non-toxic.
Identify some of the safe chemicals that are used for soap-making today.
• Principle 5—Auxiliaries and solvents: According to this principle, there is a
need to avoid auxiliary substances.
• Principle 6—Energy efficiency: The design for energy efficiency should be such
that energy requirements need to be reduced, and processes should be carried out
at ambient pressure and temperature.
• Principle 7—Renewable feedstocks: There is a need to prioritize renewable
feedstocks because of their sustainability.
• Principle 8—Reduce derivatives: There is a need to minimize or avoid unnecessary derivative generation.
• Principle 9—Catalysis: This principle emphasizes that catalytic reagents that can
be utilized in small quantities need to be prioritized to stoichiometric reagents
(the reagents consumed in a reaction) (Berger 2007).