244
10 Sustainability
than the developing world. Four decades later, local income distribution changed
dramatically. Incomes have grown faster in power countries in South-East Asia than
they have in rich countries. Although there is a considerable income difference
between developed and developing countries, the world income distribution is no
longer bimodal. Extreme poverty has fallen faster than ever before in human history
(Roser and Ortiz-Ospina 2019b). The reduction of inequalities is a key resource for
sustainability because it enhances productivity and minimizes poverty.
Which country has the highest and lowest income inequality (a) in the world
and (b) in Africa? What are the sustainable strategies for reducing inequalities
globally and in Africa?
10.2.11 Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
The core objective of SDG 11 is to make human settlements and cities safe,
sustainable, and resilient. The target is to make sure that people can access
affordable and safe housing. The determinant or indicator of measure for this goal is
the number of people who live in slum, informal settlements, or inadequate housing.
There has been significant progress made towards this target as this population has
been reduced from 39 to 30% between 2000 and 2014 (Sachs 2012). See Fig. 10.12.
With population growth, the movement of people from rural to urban regions has
exponentially grown. Consequently, there is need to ensure that we have resilient
communities and sustainable cities.
Identify and discuss 6 major ways of making cities sustainable and communities resilient.
10.2.12 Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
The core objective of this goal is to ensure that there are sustainable production and
consumption patterns. Some of the targets of SDG 12 are the use of eco-friendly
production methods as well as reduction of waste (Sachs 2012). Interestingly,
there are a number of international multilateral agreements such as the Montreal
protocol, Rotterdam convention, Basel convention, and Stockholm convention (see
Fig. 10.13). By 2020, an increase in global recycling rates is anticipated in accordance with the agreed international frameworks. Towards this end, organizations
10 Sustainability
than the developing world. Four decades later, local income distribution changed
dramatically. Incomes have grown faster in power countries in South-East Asia than
they have in rich countries. Although there is a considerable income difference
between developed and developing countries, the world income distribution is no
longer bimodal. Extreme poverty has fallen faster than ever before in human history
(Roser and Ortiz-Ospina 2019b). The reduction of inequalities is a key resource for
sustainability because it enhances productivity and minimizes poverty.
Which country has the highest and lowest income inequality (a) in the world
and (b) in Africa? What are the sustainable strategies for reducing inequalities
globally and in Africa?
10.2.11 Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
The core objective of SDG 11 is to make human settlements and cities safe,
sustainable, and resilient. The target is to make sure that people can access
affordable and safe housing. The determinant or indicator of measure for this goal is
the number of people who live in slum, informal settlements, or inadequate housing.
There has been significant progress made towards this target as this population has
been reduced from 39 to 30% between 2000 and 2014 (Sachs 2012). See Fig. 10.12.
With population growth, the movement of people from rural to urban regions has
exponentially grown. Consequently, there is need to ensure that we have resilient
communities and sustainable cities.
Identify and discuss 6 major ways of making cities sustainable and communities resilient.
10.2.12 Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
The core objective of this goal is to ensure that there are sustainable production and
consumption patterns. Some of the targets of SDG 12 are the use of eco-friendly
production methods as well as reduction of waste (Sachs 2012). Interestingly,
there are a number of international multilateral agreements such as the Montreal
protocol, Rotterdam convention, Basel convention, and Stockholm convention (see
Fig. 10.13). By 2020, an increase in global recycling rates is anticipated in accordance with the agreed international frameworks. Towards this end, organizations