9.10 Alan Marshall’s Ethical Approach
215
testing, landscape evaluation, expert opinions and systems, and interaction matrices,
and impact tree networks.
What is the importance of scoping in EIA? Explain three major challenges
experienced during scoping.
The first benefit is that EIA provides opportunities for raising environmental
issues. Its public nature implies that interested groups can raise concerns. It
further implies that people who have specialized knowledge of potential effects
can contribute to expert analyses. The second benefit is the creation of alternatives
and mitigation of impacts. Upon the identification of an impact, EIAs can protect
the environment through the development of alternatives that mitigate or avoid the
impact. Finally, EIA is beneficial for monitoring and collecting data (Biswas and
Agarwal 2013). Baseline monitoring considers the current environmental state to
inform impact analyses. Impact monitoring could be used for better prediction of
the impacts of future projects.
Explain two other benefits of EIA. Environmental impact assessment has been
successful in many European and developed nations. However, in Africa, it
remains largely ineffective. Explain three factors that impede the success of
EIA in Africa.
9.10 Alan Marshall’s Ethical Approach
It is prudent to discuss the approach undertaken by Alan Marshall in categorizing
the ways valuation of the natural environment is done. Marshall believes that three
major ethical approaches have been in existence during the last four decades:
Libertarian Extension, Ecologic Extension, and Conservation Ethics (Marshall
1993).
Briefly discuss the contribution by Michael Smith in this category (Use Peter
Vardy’s The Puzzle of Ethics).
215
testing, landscape evaluation, expert opinions and systems, and interaction matrices,
and impact tree networks.
What is the importance of scoping in EIA? Explain three major challenges
experienced during scoping.
The first benefit is that EIA provides opportunities for raising environmental
issues. Its public nature implies that interested groups can raise concerns. It
further implies that people who have specialized knowledge of potential effects
can contribute to expert analyses. The second benefit is the creation of alternatives
and mitigation of impacts. Upon the identification of an impact, EIAs can protect
the environment through the development of alternatives that mitigate or avoid the
impact. Finally, EIA is beneficial for monitoring and collecting data (Biswas and
Agarwal 2013). Baseline monitoring considers the current environmental state to
inform impact analyses. Impact monitoring could be used for better prediction of
the impacts of future projects.
Explain two other benefits of EIA. Environmental impact assessment has been
successful in many European and developed nations. However, in Africa, it
remains largely ineffective. Explain three factors that impede the success of
EIA in Africa.
9.10 Alan Marshall’s Ethical Approach
It is prudent to discuss the approach undertaken by Alan Marshall in categorizing
the ways valuation of the natural environment is done. Marshall believes that three
major ethical approaches have been in existence during the last four decades:
Libertarian Extension, Ecologic Extension, and Conservation Ethics (Marshall
1993).
Briefly discuss the contribution by Michael Smith in this category (Use Peter
Vardy’s The Puzzle of Ethics).