94
Natural runoff
Mangrove litter and
detritus
Dissolving of Nitrogen
oxides (from internal
combustion engines)
Discharge of untreated
municipal sewage (Nitrates
and Phosphates)
Runoff and erosion
(from cultivation,
aquaculture, mining,
construction and poor
land use)
Discharge of detergents
(Phosphates)
Discharge of treated
municipal sewage
(primary and secondary
treatment: Nitrates and
Phosphates)
Mangrove
ecosystem
Inorganic fertilizer from
agricultural runoff
(Nitrates and Phosphates)
(Nitrates and Phosphates)
Fig. 4.10 Major sources of nutrients in the mangrove ecosystem
Fig. 4.11 Dissolved Nitrate (in μg at l
−1
) in Diamond Harbour during 1984–2014
4 Mangroves: A Nutrient Retention Box