Vol.:(0123456789)
SN Applied Sciences
(2023) 5:158
| https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05376-x
Research Article
northeast coast near Cape Ivi in Mostaganem, Mazagran,
Oureah beach up to Stidia, classified as medium sensitivity
areas with medium resistance to oil spills.
In the summer scenarios, beginning at 8 am on August
12, 2018, and lasting 48 h until August 14, 2018, at 8 am,
we can see that for a speed of 11 knots North and a volume of oil type ALGERIAN BLEND of 10,000 mt, we can
notice that for a speed of 11 knots and a volume of oil type
ALGERIAN BL (Table 4). After 24 h, the oil slick at point P1
moved towards the center of the Gulf of Arzew, affecting
approximately 14.48 km of the coast (Sidi Mansour Beach,
El Mectaa Beach to Mers El Hadjadj and Pont aux poules).
After 24 h, the oil slick at point P2 moved to the West of the
Gulf of Arzew without beaching, with wind speeds lower
than during the winter and autumn seasons and a sea surface temperature higher than 25°c, with an evaporation
rate of 65.8%, equivalent to 6422 mt, a natural dispersion
of 0.5%, equivalent to 40 mt, and a floating quantity of
33.7%, equivalent to 2361 metric tons. The oil slick moved
towards the center and West of the Gulf of Arzew after
48 h of spillage for the two spill points. Affecting nearly
17.60 km of coastline for the spill at point P1 (Fig. 14a),
(Lilou Beach, Sidi Mansour Beach, Mectaa Beach, Mers El
Hadjadj, Pont aux Poule, and the LNG port of Bethioua),
and approximately 29.70 km from the coast for point P2
(Fig. 14b), affecting all areas affected by the spill at point
P1 plus Arzew with a very small amount of oil beached).
With an evaporation rate of 68.9% (6633 mt), natural dispersion of 0.5% (50 mt), and floating of 35.6% (2867 mt).
For the summer simulations, on June 25, 2022, at 1 pm,
with a duration of 48 h until June 27, 2022, at 1 pm, at
the two discharge points, with a volume of 30 0 00 metric tons of ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL and a North
wind speed of 10 knots. We noticed that after 24 h, the oil
slick had moved toward the center and West of the Arzew
golf course. Regarding summer 2018 scenarios, the spill at
point P1 affected nearly 8.9% of the coast, and the affected
areas are listed below (Sidi Mansour Beach, Mectaa Beach,
Mers El Hadjadj, Pont aux Poule). The spill at point P2, on
the other hand, after 24 h, the oil slick moved to the West
of the Gulf of Arzew without beaching, with an evaporation rate of 90.4% equivalent to 13,713 mt, a natural dispersion of 4.2% equivalent to 635 mt, and floating of 5%
equivalent to 741 mt in the two points of similar spills.
The oil slick touched nearly 21.58 km of the central and
western coast of the Gulf of Arzew after 48 h of spillage,
as shown in Fig. 14c, for the spill at point P1. However,
the slick at point P2 (Fig. 14d) continues to move west
of Arzew without beaching, with an evaporation rate of
89.9%, equivalent to 2,6983 mt, natural dispersion of 8%,
equivalent to 2,410 mt, and floating of 2.1%, equivalent
to 603 mt. According to the summer 2018 and 2022 scenarios, the most likely areas to be reached by oil spills are
the central and western coastal areas, such as Lilou Beach,
Sidi Mansour Beach, Mectaa Beach, Mers El Hadjadj, Pont
aux Poule, the Bethioua methane port, and Arzew, which
are classified as areas of very high sensitivities and high
sensitivity to the spill of the oil slick.
The simulations for the various spring 2018 scenarios
begin on October 12, 2018, and run for 48 h until October
14, 2018, at 8 am, with an NW wind speed of 8 knots and
a sea surface temperature of 18 °C, 10,000 metric tons of
ALGERIAN BLEND spilled on the two different spill points,
P1 and P2. After 24 h for the spill at point P1, the oil slick
moved towards the West of the Gulf of Arzew, and about
5.61 km of the coast was affected (Beached of 3. 9%), and
the area of Mers El Hadjadj was affected, for the spill at
point P2 the oil slick also moved westward, but without
beaching, the amount evaporated after 24 h is 63.8%
equivalent to 3188 mt, a natural dispersion of 0.3% equivalent to 14 mt, and floating of 36% equivalent to 1798 mt.
The oil slick touched nearly 9.35 km of the west coast of
the Gulf of Arzew (Mers El Hadjadj to the port of Betioua)
after 48 h for the spill at point P1 (Fig. 15a) and nearly
28.34 km of the west coast of the Gulf of Arzew (from Mers
EL Hadjadj to Port of Bethioua, Arzew and Cape Carbon),
for the spill at point P2 (Fig. 15b), with 66.9% evaporation
equivalent to 6665 mt, 0.3% natural dispersion, and 27.8%
floating equivalent to 2775 mt.
The simulations for the spring 2022 scenarios begin on
November 25, 2022, and end on November 27, 2022, at
1 pm for 48 h. With an NW wind speed of 6 knots and a sea
surface temperature of 19 °C, 30,000 metric tons of ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL spilled on the two different
spill points, P1 and P2. After 24 h, on November 26, 2022,
at 1 pm, the oil slick at point P1 moved towards the center
of the Gulf of Arzew without beaching, and the oil slick
at point P2 moved towards the north-west of the Gulf of
Arzew in the direction of the open sea, with 88.9% evaporation, 0.7% natural dispersion, and 10.3% floating. After
48 h of spillage at point P1 (Fig. 15c), the oil slick beached
in the center of the Gulf of Arzew, affecting approximately
19.70 km of coastline (from Stidia, Sidi Mansour beach,
Port aux Poule, and Mers El Hadjadj). On the other hand,
the slick continues to move toward the open sea in the
spill at point P2 (Fig. 15d). After 48 h, the evaporation rate
for the two spill points, P1 and P2, is approximately 92.4%,
or 17,158 mt, with a natural dispersion of 2%, or 72 mt, and
floating of 5.6%, or 1635 mt.
According to the winter scenarios for 2018 and 2022,
the most likely areas to be reached by oil spills are the
central and western coastal areas such as Pont aux Poule,
Arzew, and Cap Carbon, which are classified as areas of
very high sensitivities, as well as Sidi Mansour beach,
Mers El Hadjadj, and the port of Betioua, which are classified as areas of high sensitivities. Because it is impossible
SN Applied Sciences
(2023) 5:158
| https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05376-x
Research Article
northeast coast near Cape Ivi in Mostaganem, Mazagran,
Oureah beach up to Stidia, classified as medium sensitivity
areas with medium resistance to oil spills.
In the summer scenarios, beginning at 8 am on August
12, 2018, and lasting 48 h until August 14, 2018, at 8 am,
we can see that for a speed of 11 knots North and a volume of oil type ALGERIAN BLEND of 10,000 mt, we can
notice that for a speed of 11 knots and a volume of oil type
ALGERIAN BL (Table 4). After 24 h, the oil slick at point P1
moved towards the center of the Gulf of Arzew, affecting
approximately 14.48 km of the coast (Sidi Mansour Beach,
El Mectaa Beach to Mers El Hadjadj and Pont aux poules).
After 24 h, the oil slick at point P2 moved to the West of the
Gulf of Arzew without beaching, with wind speeds lower
than during the winter and autumn seasons and a sea surface temperature higher than 25°c, with an evaporation
rate of 65.8%, equivalent to 6422 mt, a natural dispersion
of 0.5%, equivalent to 40 mt, and a floating quantity of
33.7%, equivalent to 2361 metric tons. The oil slick moved
towards the center and West of the Gulf of Arzew after
48 h of spillage for the two spill points. Affecting nearly
17.60 km of coastline for the spill at point P1 (Fig. 14a),
(Lilou Beach, Sidi Mansour Beach, Mectaa Beach, Mers El
Hadjadj, Pont aux Poule, and the LNG port of Bethioua),
and approximately 29.70 km from the coast for point P2
(Fig. 14b), affecting all areas affected by the spill at point
P1 plus Arzew with a very small amount of oil beached).
With an evaporation rate of 68.9% (6633 mt), natural dispersion of 0.5% (50 mt), and floating of 35.6% (2867 mt).
For the summer simulations, on June 25, 2022, at 1 pm,
with a duration of 48 h until June 27, 2022, at 1 pm, at
the two discharge points, with a volume of 30 0 00 metric tons of ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL and a North
wind speed of 10 knots. We noticed that after 24 h, the oil
slick had moved toward the center and West of the Arzew
golf course. Regarding summer 2018 scenarios, the spill at
point P1 affected nearly 8.9% of the coast, and the affected
areas are listed below (Sidi Mansour Beach, Mectaa Beach,
Mers El Hadjadj, Pont aux Poule). The spill at point P2, on
the other hand, after 24 h, the oil slick moved to the West
of the Gulf of Arzew without beaching, with an evaporation rate of 90.4% equivalent to 13,713 mt, a natural dispersion of 4.2% equivalent to 635 mt, and floating of 5%
equivalent to 741 mt in the two points of similar spills.
The oil slick touched nearly 21.58 km of the central and
western coast of the Gulf of Arzew after 48 h of spillage,
as shown in Fig. 14c, for the spill at point P1. However,
the slick at point P2 (Fig. 14d) continues to move west
of Arzew without beaching, with an evaporation rate of
89.9%, equivalent to 2,6983 mt, natural dispersion of 8%,
equivalent to 2,410 mt, and floating of 2.1%, equivalent
to 603 mt. According to the summer 2018 and 2022 scenarios, the most likely areas to be reached by oil spills are
the central and western coastal areas, such as Lilou Beach,
Sidi Mansour Beach, Mectaa Beach, Mers El Hadjadj, Pont
aux Poule, the Bethioua methane port, and Arzew, which
are classified as areas of very high sensitivities and high
sensitivity to the spill of the oil slick.
The simulations for the various spring 2018 scenarios
begin on October 12, 2018, and run for 48 h until October
14, 2018, at 8 am, with an NW wind speed of 8 knots and
a sea surface temperature of 18 °C, 10,000 metric tons of
ALGERIAN BLEND spilled on the two different spill points,
P1 and P2. After 24 h for the spill at point P1, the oil slick
moved towards the West of the Gulf of Arzew, and about
5.61 km of the coast was affected (Beached of 3. 9%), and
the area of Mers El Hadjadj was affected, for the spill at
point P2 the oil slick also moved westward, but without
beaching, the amount evaporated after 24 h is 63.8%
equivalent to 3188 mt, a natural dispersion of 0.3% equivalent to 14 mt, and floating of 36% equivalent to 1798 mt.
The oil slick touched nearly 9.35 km of the west coast of
the Gulf of Arzew (Mers El Hadjadj to the port of Betioua)
after 48 h for the spill at point P1 (Fig. 15a) and nearly
28.34 km of the west coast of the Gulf of Arzew (from Mers
EL Hadjadj to Port of Bethioua, Arzew and Cape Carbon),
for the spill at point P2 (Fig. 15b), with 66.9% evaporation
equivalent to 6665 mt, 0.3% natural dispersion, and 27.8%
floating equivalent to 2775 mt.
The simulations for the spring 2022 scenarios begin on
November 25, 2022, and end on November 27, 2022, at
1 pm for 48 h. With an NW wind speed of 6 knots and a sea
surface temperature of 19 °C, 30,000 metric tons of ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL spilled on the two different
spill points, P1 and P2. After 24 h, on November 26, 2022,
at 1 pm, the oil slick at point P1 moved towards the center
of the Gulf of Arzew without beaching, and the oil slick
at point P2 moved towards the north-west of the Gulf of
Arzew in the direction of the open sea, with 88.9% evaporation, 0.7% natural dispersion, and 10.3% floating. After
48 h of spillage at point P1 (Fig. 15c), the oil slick beached
in the center of the Gulf of Arzew, affecting approximately
19.70 km of coastline (from Stidia, Sidi Mansour beach,
Port aux Poule, and Mers El Hadjadj). On the other hand,
the slick continues to move toward the open sea in the
spill at point P2 (Fig. 15d). After 48 h, the evaporation rate
for the two spill points, P1 and P2, is approximately 92.4%,
or 17,158 mt, with a natural dispersion of 2%, or 72 mt, and
floating of 5.6%, or 1635 mt.
According to the winter scenarios for 2018 and 2022,
the most likely areas to be reached by oil spills are the
central and western coastal areas such as Pont aux Poule,
Arzew, and Cap Carbon, which are classified as areas of
very high sensitivities, as well as Sidi Mansour beach,
Mers El Hadjadj, and the port of Betioua, which are classified as areas of high sensitivities. Because it is impossible