250
M. Yusuf
p-Methoxyphenylphosphinic acid (PMPPA), Carboxyethyl-phenylphosphinic acid
(CEPPA), Bis(2-cyanoethyl)phosphinic acid (BCEPA) etc.
1.3.4 Organoposphine Oxide FRs
Organoposphine oxide derivatives found to have limited FRs capabilities. Examples are Tris(hydroxymethyl) phosphineoxide (THMPO), Triphenylphosphineoxide
(TPPO) and Bis(4-carboxyphenyl) phenylphosphine oxide (BCPPPO). In addition,
Bis(4-aminophenyl) phenylphosphine oxide (BAPPO) was developed as a moderate water-soluble compound that found effectiveness towards Polyurathane-based
materials with environmental susceptibility [42].
1.3.5 Organophosphites FRs
Like organoposphine oxide derivatives, organophosphites were also least responsive
FRs because of their cholinergic neurotoxicity [43, 44]. Examples are Triisopropyl
Phosphite (TIPP) and Tri-phenyl Phosphite (TPP).
2 Textile Applications of P-Based Flame Retardants
Organophosphorus compounds with P–C moieties have shown a wide range of design
and development of exciting organophosphorus FRs due their high thermal and
hydrolytic stability (P–C bond), ease of synthesis and suitability of processing even
at high temperature. Extensive works have been published regarding the creation of
P–C bond and their potential applications [1–6, 11–13, 22, 31–35]. These P–C containing organophosphorus compounds have shown several applications along with
fire resistancy, for example, reagents, catalysts, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,
surfactants, lubricants and even more [1–4, 45].
Textiles and clothing are prepared from various fiber forming substrates either natural origin polymers such as cellulose and protein, or a wide variety of semi-synthetic
and synthetic polymers such as cellulose acetate, polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins,
polyacrylonitriles, polyaramids, polylactides, polyetherketones etc. All of these polymers are allocate a frequent limitation, combustible under normal environmental
conditions and sometimes pose serious fire hazards in case of fire accidents.
In the present scenario, fire-caused deaths are a growing global problem. The
Fire Administration Authority of US, has reported recently on the basis of 24 industrialized nations as the average rate of fire-related deaths and concluded that 10.7
per million populations every year have been observed [46, 47]. Additionally, The
National Fire Protection Association claims that home structure involved fires are
the main cause of fire-related death [47].
M. Yusuf
p-Methoxyphenylphosphinic acid (PMPPA), Carboxyethyl-phenylphosphinic acid
(CEPPA), Bis(2-cyanoethyl)phosphinic acid (BCEPA) etc.
1.3.4 Organoposphine Oxide FRs
Organoposphine oxide derivatives found to have limited FRs capabilities. Examples are Tris(hydroxymethyl) phosphineoxide (THMPO), Triphenylphosphineoxide
(TPPO) and Bis(4-carboxyphenyl) phenylphosphine oxide (BCPPPO). In addition,
Bis(4-aminophenyl) phenylphosphine oxide (BAPPO) was developed as a moderate water-soluble compound that found effectiveness towards Polyurathane-based
materials with environmental susceptibility [42].
1.3.5 Organophosphites FRs
Like organoposphine oxide derivatives, organophosphites were also least responsive
FRs because of their cholinergic neurotoxicity [43, 44]. Examples are Triisopropyl
Phosphite (TIPP) and Tri-phenyl Phosphite (TPP).
2 Textile Applications of P-Based Flame Retardants
Organophosphorus compounds with P–C moieties have shown a wide range of design
and development of exciting organophosphorus FRs due their high thermal and
hydrolytic stability (P–C bond), ease of synthesis and suitability of processing even
at high temperature. Extensive works have been published regarding the creation of
P–C bond and their potential applications [1–6, 11–13, 22, 31–35]. These P–C containing organophosphorus compounds have shown several applications along with
fire resistancy, for example, reagents, catalysts, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,
surfactants, lubricants and even more [1–4, 45].
Textiles and clothing are prepared from various fiber forming substrates either natural origin polymers such as cellulose and protein, or a wide variety of semi-synthetic
and synthetic polymers such as cellulose acetate, polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins,
polyacrylonitriles, polyaramids, polylactides, polyetherketones etc. All of these polymers are allocate a frequent limitation, combustible under normal environmental
conditions and sometimes pose serious fire hazards in case of fire accidents.
In the present scenario, fire-caused deaths are a growing global problem. The
Fire Administration Authority of US, has reported recently on the basis of 24 industrialized nations as the average rate of fire-related deaths and concluded that 10.7
per million populations every year have been observed [46, 47]. Additionally, The
National Fire Protection Association claims that home structure involved fires are
the main cause of fire-related death [47].