Advances of Textiles in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
173
Table 1 Tissue engineered
biological substitute and
corresponding textile
structure
Tissue engineered biological
substitute
Scaffold structures
Bladder
Nonwovens [16]
Blood vessel
Woven, knitted, braided,
nonwoven
Bone
Nonwovens, foam [17, 18]
Cartilage
Nonwovens [19]
Dental
Foam (porous membrane),
nonwoven [20]
Heart valve
Woven, nonwoven [21, 22]
Tendon
Woven, nonwoven [23]
Ligament
Yarn, braided, nonwoven [24]
Liver
Foam, nonwoven, 3D printed
[25, 26]
Nerve
Foam, nonwoven [27]
Skin
Foam, woven [28]
has seen rapid developments from the use of synthetic materials to naturally derived
materials that include use of autografts (patient’s own tissue), allografts (human
donor) or xenograft (other animal tissue) for repair or regeneration of tissues. However, in the present scenario use of scaffolds made from degradable bio-materials
of synthetic or natural origin has become the most commonly used approach for
the researchers. This approach represents the efforts of researchers in the area of
tissue engineering and development of various types of biomaterials using different
types of fabrication technologies [12, 13]. Because of inherent properties of textile
materials such as porosity, cellular matrix these materials are suitable for application
in the field of scaffolds and tissue engineering. Scaffolds can be categorise in three
types including foams, 3D printed substrate and textile structures. Textile structures
are used in porous scaffolds in tissue engineering [14, 15] (Table 1).
5 Requirements of Tissue Scaffolds Vis-à-Vis Properties
of Textile Materials
Porous, biocompatible and/or biodegradable structure is characteristically represent
scaffold that is further seeded by cells and cultured in incubating atmosphere for the
growth of extracellular matrix (ECM) resembling the native tissue.
An ideal scaffold should have the following characteristics:
1. A comprehensive grid of interconnecting pores for smooth migration and
multiplication of cell throughout the structure with complete attachment;
173
Table 1 Tissue engineered
biological substitute and
corresponding textile
structure
Tissue engineered biological
substitute
Scaffold structures
Bladder
Nonwovens [16]
Blood vessel
Woven, knitted, braided,
nonwoven
Bone
Nonwovens, foam [17, 18]
Cartilage
Nonwovens [19]
Dental
Foam (porous membrane),
nonwoven [20]
Heart valve
Woven, nonwoven [21, 22]
Tendon
Woven, nonwoven [23]
Ligament
Yarn, braided, nonwoven [24]
Liver
Foam, nonwoven, 3D printed
[25, 26]
Nerve
Foam, nonwoven [27]
Skin
Foam, woven [28]
has seen rapid developments from the use of synthetic materials to naturally derived
materials that include use of autografts (patient’s own tissue), allografts (human
donor) or xenograft (other animal tissue) for repair or regeneration of tissues. However, in the present scenario use of scaffolds made from degradable bio-materials
of synthetic or natural origin has become the most commonly used approach for
the researchers. This approach represents the efforts of researchers in the area of
tissue engineering and development of various types of biomaterials using different
types of fabrication technologies [12, 13]. Because of inherent properties of textile
materials such as porosity, cellular matrix these materials are suitable for application
in the field of scaffolds and tissue engineering. Scaffolds can be categorise in three
types including foams, 3D printed substrate and textile structures. Textile structures
are used in porous scaffolds in tissue engineering [14, 15] (Table 1).
5 Requirements of Tissue Scaffolds Vis-à-Vis Properties
of Textile Materials
Porous, biocompatible and/or biodegradable structure is characteristically represent
scaffold that is further seeded by cells and cultured in incubating atmosphere for the
growth of extracellular matrix (ECM) resembling the native tissue.
An ideal scaffold should have the following characteristics:
1. A comprehensive grid of interconnecting pores for smooth migration and
multiplication of cell throughout the structure with complete attachment;