Recent Advances in Development of Antimicrobial Textiles
149
NPs are frequently used, by incorporating them in dope for wet spun fibers. ZnO NPs
were electrospun with sodium alginate as absorbent polysaccharide and polyvinyl
alcohol as fiber forming additive agent to produce highly antibacterial fiber. Such produced fibers were operative for wound dressing against Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli. ZnO being effective agent against these bacterial strains provided
least toxicity [108]. Nanofibers incorporated with nanoparticles are made to use for
biomedical applications. Mostly silver and ZnO NPs have been used for antibacterial
efficacy against different strains of bacteria [119, 120]. These nanofibers are superabsorbent, better mechanical and antibacterial properties because of their novel and
differentiating properties due to higher surface to volume ratio and extremely small
size.
Chitosan is abundantly available natural polysaccharide known for its activity
against various microorganisms. Therefore, hybrid metal nanoparticles are prepared
with this polysaccharide to increase antibacterial activity symbiotically. AbdElhady
[121] synthesized ZnO/chitosan nanoparticles at different temperatures and different concentrations. These ZnO/chitosan NPs were applied on cotton fabric by paddry-cure method. After padding dried for 10 min at 100 °C then cured for 5 min
at 170 °C. Washed and finished cotton fabric presented exceptional antibacterial
activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria along with significant
enhancement in UV-protection. In another study ZnO/carboxymethyl chitosan bionanocomposite were applied as finishing agent to the cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure
method. Dipping of fabric was done for 15 min and dried at 100 °C for 15 min
and cured at 160 °C for 3 min. Thorough washing with water and drying of fabric
was done [122]. One step sonochemical coating process was used for deposition of
ZnO/chitosan hybrid NPs on cotton fabric to evaluate their antimicrobial properties
against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Combination of chitosan and
ZnO resulted in increased activity compared to individual chitosan and ZnO NPs
application of textile. Biopolymer like chitosan not only increased antibacterial efficiency but durability of applied finishing agent was augmented. Such finished textile
could be useful in hospital environment to prevent microorganism growth and spread
of infections [123]. Ag:ZnO/chitosan nanocomposite finish was prepared by sol-gel
process using 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane
(TEOS) in two steps, in another study. Solution of chitosan in acetic acid (1%) was
prepared then ZnO, Ag doped ZnO NPs or AgNO 3 were added to the prepared
solution with functionalization agents GPTMS and TEOS. Due to hydrolysis and
condensation of ethoxy and methoxy groups of GPTMS and TEOS in chitosan solution organic/inorganic hybrid sol formation occured. Scoured and bleached blend
(cotton/polyester) fabric was applied with this hybrid sol by pad-dry-cure method.
Significant bacterial reduction was observed against M. Luteus and E. coli. Such
treated fabric was strongly recommended for potential applications in medical for
infection prevention during wound healing and burns [124].
Similarly, different antibacterial agents have been used along with ZnO to fabricate
different nanomaterials. To get synergistic activity against microorganisms and to
reduce toxicity level of individual compound combination therapy is practiced [101].
149
NPs are frequently used, by incorporating them in dope for wet spun fibers. ZnO NPs
were electrospun with sodium alginate as absorbent polysaccharide and polyvinyl
alcohol as fiber forming additive agent to produce highly antibacterial fiber. Such produced fibers were operative for wound dressing against Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli. ZnO being effective agent against these bacterial strains provided
least toxicity [108]. Nanofibers incorporated with nanoparticles are made to use for
biomedical applications. Mostly silver and ZnO NPs have been used for antibacterial
efficacy against different strains of bacteria [119, 120]. These nanofibers are superabsorbent, better mechanical and antibacterial properties because of their novel and
differentiating properties due to higher surface to volume ratio and extremely small
size.
Chitosan is abundantly available natural polysaccharide known for its activity
against various microorganisms. Therefore, hybrid metal nanoparticles are prepared
with this polysaccharide to increase antibacterial activity symbiotically. AbdElhady
[121] synthesized ZnO/chitosan nanoparticles at different temperatures and different concentrations. These ZnO/chitosan NPs were applied on cotton fabric by paddry-cure method. After padding dried for 10 min at 100 °C then cured for 5 min
at 170 °C. Washed and finished cotton fabric presented exceptional antibacterial
activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria along with significant
enhancement in UV-protection. In another study ZnO/carboxymethyl chitosan bionanocomposite were applied as finishing agent to the cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure
method. Dipping of fabric was done for 15 min and dried at 100 °C for 15 min
and cured at 160 °C for 3 min. Thorough washing with water and drying of fabric
was done [122]. One step sonochemical coating process was used for deposition of
ZnO/chitosan hybrid NPs on cotton fabric to evaluate their antimicrobial properties
against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Combination of chitosan and
ZnO resulted in increased activity compared to individual chitosan and ZnO NPs
application of textile. Biopolymer like chitosan not only increased antibacterial efficiency but durability of applied finishing agent was augmented. Such finished textile
could be useful in hospital environment to prevent microorganism growth and spread
of infections [123]. Ag:ZnO/chitosan nanocomposite finish was prepared by sol-gel
process using 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane
(TEOS) in two steps, in another study. Solution of chitosan in acetic acid (1%) was
prepared then ZnO, Ag doped ZnO NPs or AgNO 3 were added to the prepared
solution with functionalization agents GPTMS and TEOS. Due to hydrolysis and
condensation of ethoxy and methoxy groups of GPTMS and TEOS in chitosan solution organic/inorganic hybrid sol formation occured. Scoured and bleached blend
(cotton/polyester) fabric was applied with this hybrid sol by pad-dry-cure method.
Significant bacterial reduction was observed against M. Luteus and E. coli. Such
treated fabric was strongly recommended for potential applications in medical for
infection prevention during wound healing and burns [124].
Similarly, different antibacterial agents have been used along with ZnO to fabricate
different nanomaterials. To get synergistic activity against microorganisms and to
reduce toxicity level of individual compound combination therapy is practiced [101].