Surface Modification of Textiles with Nanomaterials …
5
Fullerene
Carbon nanotube (CNT)
Graphene
Graphite
Fig. 2 Allotropes of carbon
graphite/diamond, as shown in Fig. 2. These allotropes possess sp
3 , sp
2 and sp
hybridization, which results in three different bond angles such as 109° 28
, 120° and
180° respectively. More than the elemental carbon, allotropes of carbon especially
CNTs and graphene have found wide range of applications due to their versatile
properties. Based on the structural orientation, graphene structure is elementary for
graphite materials in all other dimensionalities. Graphene possesses a hexagonal
arrangement of monolayer carbon atoms in a 2-D lattice [21].
Depending on the atom’s crystallographic orientation, the formation of 2-D
graphene structure could be categorized into armchair and zig-zag models. Each
structure possesses unique electronic property owing to their different orientation;
zig-zag structure behaves as metals while armchair acts as semiconductors. It was
well known that an atomic layer of graphene is a zero-bandgap semiconductor and
offers high mobility and conductivity [22], remarkable mechanical, thermal and
electrical stability as a consequence of its π-conjugated electrons.
In practice, the separation of an atomic layer of graphene is a cumbersome process
because of extensive van der Waals interactions between any two layers of graphite;
hence graphite sheets are feasible materials for commercial applications. Thickness
of layers plays a key role in describing and distinguishing the properties between
graphene and graphite [23]. Hereby, focus has been shifted the scalable production
of chemically modified graphene-based materials like graphene oxide (GO) and
reduced graphene oxide (rGO) either by oxidation, reduction or exfoliation.
Unlike graphene, GO has polar and reactive groups that pose limitations in terms
of thermal stability [24]. Although, presence of these functional groups promotes
5
Fullerene
Carbon nanotube (CNT)
Graphene
Graphite
Fig. 2 Allotropes of carbon
graphite/diamond, as shown in Fig. 2. These allotropes possess sp
3 , sp
2 and sp
hybridization, which results in three different bond angles such as 109° 28
, 120° and
180° respectively. More than the elemental carbon, allotropes of carbon especially
CNTs and graphene have found wide range of applications due to their versatile
properties. Based on the structural orientation, graphene structure is elementary for
graphite materials in all other dimensionalities. Graphene possesses a hexagonal
arrangement of monolayer carbon atoms in a 2-D lattice [21].
Depending on the atom’s crystallographic orientation, the formation of 2-D
graphene structure could be categorized into armchair and zig-zag models. Each
structure possesses unique electronic property owing to their different orientation;
zig-zag structure behaves as metals while armchair acts as semiconductors. It was
well known that an atomic layer of graphene is a zero-bandgap semiconductor and
offers high mobility and conductivity [22], remarkable mechanical, thermal and
electrical stability as a consequence of its π-conjugated electrons.
In practice, the separation of an atomic layer of graphene is a cumbersome process
because of extensive van der Waals interactions between any two layers of graphite;
hence graphite sheets are feasible materials for commercial applications. Thickness
of layers plays a key role in describing and distinguishing the properties between
graphene and graphite [23]. Hereby, focus has been shifted the scalable production
of chemically modified graphene-based materials like graphene oxide (GO) and
reduced graphene oxide (rGO) either by oxidation, reduction or exfoliation.
Unlike graphene, GO has polar and reactive groups that pose limitations in terms
of thermal stability [24]. Although, presence of these functional groups promotes