80
4 Nanofiller Dispersion in Rubber as Revealed by 3D-TEM
MMT can be estimated by using one of three semi-axes of the approximate ellipsoid
with the same volume as the MMT in EVA. Sinkler et al. [40] showed that 3D-TEM
observation is the best method to quantitatively evaluate the shapes of pores and
particles.
Jinnai [14] showed that comparing three-dimensional reconstruction images of
zirconia (ZrO 2 )/polymer nanocomposites at tilt angles ±90° and ±60°, the former
is much clearer than the latter. Sato et al. [41] examined an image reconstruction
method for quantitatively determining the particle size, shape, and location of FePd
nanoparticles in uniaxial tilt tomography using atomic number contrast (contrast
depending on atomic number) of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission
electron microscopy. Bai et al. [42] made clear that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) do not
aggregate in laser-sintered CNT/polyamide 12 moldings.
Das et al. [43] reported that based on the result of 3D-TEM observation of soft
graphene-filled solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (S-SBR), a graphene
sheet is present in the oligomer layer of S-SBR and showed that the graphene sheets
form a complex network structure in S-SBR. Natarajan et al. [44] three-dimensionally
observed CNT/epoxy nanocomposites using energy filtering electron tomography.
From this result, they showed that the information on CNT morphology and dispersion state with increasing volume fraction of CNT in this composite can be obtained
quantitatively.
Various examples described above suggest that 3D-TEM has already been applied
to various species as well as sphere nanoparticles like CB or silica. Particularly, nonsphere functional materials are potentially to be one of the next main targets for the
quantitative and higher structural studies. Also to be emphasized is the advanced
design of new softwares to be used in structural evaluations, which can be of crucial
importance for nanomaterials in most of these applications.
References
1. Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 25, 1186 (2004)
2. A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, S. Kohjiya, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 78, 180 (2005) (in Japanese)
3. S. Kohjiya, A. Kato, J. Shimanuki, T. Hasegawa, Y. Ikeda, Polymer 46, 4440 (2005)
4. A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda, Rubber Chem. Technol. 80, 690 (2007)
5. Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Nakajima, Rubber Science: A Modern Approach (Springer,
Singapore, 2017)
6. A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, Y. Sato, E. Nagano, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 87, 203 (2014) (in Japanese)
7. A. Kato, Y. Isono, K. Nagata, A. Asano, Y. Ikeda, in Characterization Tools for Nanoscience
& Nanotechnology, Chap. 4, ed. by C.S.S.R. Kumar (Springer, Berlin, 2014)
8. A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 87, 351 (2014) (in Japanese)
9. A. Kato, Y. Kokubo, R. Tsushi, Y. Ikeda, Hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica-filled crosslinked natural rubber: Structure and properties, in Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of
Natural Rubber, Chap. 7, ed. by S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda (Woodhead/Elsevier, Cambridge, 2014)
10. A. Kato, A. Tohsan, S. Kohjiya, T. Phakkeeree, P. Phinyocheep, Y. Ikeda, Manufacturing and
structure of rubber nanocomposites, in Progress in Rubber Nanocomposites, Chap. 12, ed. by
S. Thomas, H.J. Maria (Woodhead/Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016)
4 Nanofiller Dispersion in Rubber as Revealed by 3D-TEM
MMT can be estimated by using one of three semi-axes of the approximate ellipsoid
with the same volume as the MMT in EVA. Sinkler et al. [40] showed that 3D-TEM
observation is the best method to quantitatively evaluate the shapes of pores and
particles.
Jinnai [14] showed that comparing three-dimensional reconstruction images of
zirconia (ZrO 2 )/polymer nanocomposites at tilt angles ±90° and ±60°, the former
is much clearer than the latter. Sato et al. [41] examined an image reconstruction
method for quantitatively determining the particle size, shape, and location of FePd
nanoparticles in uniaxial tilt tomography using atomic number contrast (contrast
depending on atomic number) of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission
electron microscopy. Bai et al. [42] made clear that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) do not
aggregate in laser-sintered CNT/polyamide 12 moldings.
Das et al. [43] reported that based on the result of 3D-TEM observation of soft
graphene-filled solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (S-SBR), a graphene
sheet is present in the oligomer layer of S-SBR and showed that the graphene sheets
form a complex network structure in S-SBR. Natarajan et al. [44] three-dimensionally
observed CNT/epoxy nanocomposites using energy filtering electron tomography.
From this result, they showed that the information on CNT morphology and dispersion state with increasing volume fraction of CNT in this composite can be obtained
quantitatively.
Various examples described above suggest that 3D-TEM has already been applied
to various species as well as sphere nanoparticles like CB or silica. Particularly, nonsphere functional materials are potentially to be one of the next main targets for the
quantitative and higher structural studies. Also to be emphasized is the advanced
design of new softwares to be used in structural evaluations, which can be of crucial
importance for nanomaterials in most of these applications.
References
1. Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 25, 1186 (2004)
2. A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, S. Kohjiya, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 78, 180 (2005) (in Japanese)
3. S. Kohjiya, A. Kato, J. Shimanuki, T. Hasegawa, Y. Ikeda, Polymer 46, 4440 (2005)
4. A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda, Rubber Chem. Technol. 80, 690 (2007)
5. Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Nakajima, Rubber Science: A Modern Approach (Springer,
Singapore, 2017)
6. A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, Y. Sato, E. Nagano, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 87, 203 (2014) (in Japanese)
7. A. Kato, Y. Isono, K. Nagata, A. Asano, Y. Ikeda, in Characterization Tools for Nanoscience
& Nanotechnology, Chap. 4, ed. by C.S.S.R. Kumar (Springer, Berlin, 2014)
8. A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 87, 351 (2014) (in Japanese)
9. A. Kato, Y. Kokubo, R. Tsushi, Y. Ikeda, Hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica-filled crosslinked natural rubber: Structure and properties, in Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of
Natural Rubber, Chap. 7, ed. by S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda (Woodhead/Elsevier, Cambridge, 2014)
10. A. Kato, A. Tohsan, S. Kohjiya, T. Phakkeeree, P. Phinyocheep, Y. Ikeda, Manufacturing and
structure of rubber nanocomposites, in Progress in Rubber Nanocomposites, Chap. 12, ed. by
S. Thomas, H.J. Maria (Woodhead/Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016)