30
2 Filler and Rubber Reinforcement
Fig. 2.6 Qualitative explanation of strain dependence of dynamic shear modulus by Payne (from
Fig. 3.20 in Ref. [85] Copyright © 1965 by A John Wiley-Interscience Publication. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
His papers [86, 90–92] were derived from his dissertation to the Swiss Federal
Polytechnic School in Zurich on the determination of molecular dimensions, and he
calculated the Avogadro number using the values of constants taken from the LandortBoernstein’s ‘Physical–Chemical Tables’ to be 6.56 × 10
23 , which is compared to
the present one, 6.022 × 10
23 [91, 93].
Einstein originally aimed to evaluate the size of molecules. Then, the molecule
was regarded equivalent to the atom in chemistry among majority of physicists. In
the physics arena, not the Ostwald’s anti-atomic view but unsophisticated atomic
theory had been a standard since Newton’s modern mechanics was established in the
eighteenth century. Einstein seemed to be conscious of the close relation between the
atomic theory and the Brownian motion. In fact, his papers accelerated the progress
of J. Perrin’s investigation on the real existence of atoms and/or molecules [87–89,