2.4 Reinforcing Nanofiller
21
Table 2.1 Industrially
manufactured carbon black
grades
ASTM No.
N a
Diameter b (nm) Conventional name
900–999
201–500
MT (medium thermal)
800–899
101–200
FT (fine thermal)
700–799
61–100
SRF (semi-reinforcing
furnace)
600–699
49–60
GPF (general purpose
furnace)
500–599
40–48
FEF (fine extrusion furnace)
400–499
31–39
FF (fine furnace)
300–399
26–30
HAF (high abrasive furnace)
200–299
20–25
ISAF (intermediate super
abrasive furnace)
100–199
11–19
SAF (super abrasive furnace)
a N is placed before the number and indicates the grade. For
examples, N 330 and N 220 stand for HAF and ISAF carbon
black, respectively. Both are the representative reinforcing grades
for rubber
b Range of the averaged diameter of primary particle
with carbon nanotube and graphene, the consumption of these carbon allotropes are
expected to increase, but a few recent trends seem to be against their expansion.
From the viewpoint of the depletion of oil and the global warming due to the
greenhouse effect (caused by the released carbon dioxide and some other gases into
the biosphere) [40–43], it is proposed that the decarbonized or low-carbon economy
has to be practiced worldwide in this century [43–45]. Though CH 4, N 2 O, and several
other gases are also involved in the global warming, CO 2 is evaluated to be the
main contributor [41–43]. Its origin is surely fossil fuels, whose consumption has
continued to increase unstoppably since the Industrial Revolution period. In spite of
the fact that these factors are of utmost importance for our sustainable development
in the twenty-first century, use of carbon allotropes is conditionally still rational: The
required condition is the more progressive increase of our effort for the reduction of
CO 2 emissions by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology [46, 47].
Generally speaking, the surface area of nanoparticles is remarkably unique and
complex, and the surface features of them are much determining their properties.
For the surface characterization of CB, various methods have been proposed and
employed: Using adsorption of iodine to determine total surface area, iodine number
(adsorption amount per 1 g of CB) is often used, DBT value (volume of dibutyl
phthalate absorption per 100 g of CB) has been interpreted as a measure of structuring of CB, and CTAB method (adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) is
assumed to give a measure of rubber-absorbable area of CB since CTAB molecule is
large enough to be excluded from the gap where rubber also may be excluded, and
so on [5–8, 39, 48–50].
21
Table 2.1 Industrially
manufactured carbon black
grades
ASTM No.
N a
Diameter b (nm) Conventional name
900–999
201–500
MT (medium thermal)
800–899
101–200
FT (fine thermal)
700–799
61–100
SRF (semi-reinforcing
furnace)
600–699
49–60
GPF (general purpose
furnace)
500–599
40–48
FEF (fine extrusion furnace)
400–499
31–39
FF (fine furnace)
300–399
26–30
HAF (high abrasive furnace)
200–299
20–25
ISAF (intermediate super
abrasive furnace)
100–199
11–19
SAF (super abrasive furnace)
a N is placed before the number and indicates the grade. For
examples, N 330 and N 220 stand for HAF and ISAF carbon
black, respectively. Both are the representative reinforcing grades
for rubber
b Range of the averaged diameter of primary particle
with carbon nanotube and graphene, the consumption of these carbon allotropes are
expected to increase, but a few recent trends seem to be against their expansion.
From the viewpoint of the depletion of oil and the global warming due to the
greenhouse effect (caused by the released carbon dioxide and some other gases into
the biosphere) [40–43], it is proposed that the decarbonized or low-carbon economy
has to be practiced worldwide in this century [43–45]. Though CH 4, N 2 O, and several
other gases are also involved in the global warming, CO 2 is evaluated to be the
main contributor [41–43]. Its origin is surely fossil fuels, whose consumption has
continued to increase unstoppably since the Industrial Revolution period. In spite of
the fact that these factors are of utmost importance for our sustainable development
in the twenty-first century, use of carbon allotropes is conditionally still rational: The
required condition is the more progressive increase of our effort for the reduction of
CO 2 emissions by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology [46, 47].
Generally speaking, the surface area of nanoparticles is remarkably unique and
complex, and the surface features of them are much determining their properties.
For the surface characterization of CB, various methods have been proposed and
employed: Using adsorption of iodine to determine total surface area, iodine number
(adsorption amount per 1 g of CB) is often used, DBT value (volume of dibutyl
phthalate absorption per 100 g of CB) has been interpreted as a measure of structuring of CB, and CTAB method (adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) is
assumed to give a measure of rubber-absorbable area of CB since CTAB molecule is
large enough to be excluded from the gap where rubber also may be excluded, and
so on [5–8, 39, 48–50].