5.5 Nanofiller Clustering as Revealed by Synchrotron Radiation . . . . . 93
5.6 Semiflexible Nanofiller Networks with Bound Rubber
and Proposal of a Tentative Rheological Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Part III Non-Carbon Reinforcement of Rubber
6 Particulate Silica Reinforcement of Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1 Use of Particulate Silica for High-Performance Rubber . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1.1 Utilization of Wet Silica in Rubber Compounding . . . . . . . 107
6.1.2 Wet Silica for Higher Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1.3 In Situ Compounding of Particulate Silica: A Soft
Processing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.2 Rubber Reinforcement by In Situ Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2.1 Silica Particle Generated at Place in the Cross-Linked
Diene Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2.2 Conventional Processing of Rubber Mixture with Silica
Generated In Situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2.3 Soft Processing from Latex Toward Network Structure
of In Situ Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7 Rubber Reinforcement with Lignin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.1 Lignin: Old, Still a Promising Filler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2 Mixing of Lignin into Rubber by a Soft Processing . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.3 Lignin as Reinforcing Filler for Soft Biocomposite . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8 Self-Reinforcement in Natural Rubber (NR): Template
Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.1 Low-Temperature Crystallization of NR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.1.1 Amorphous and Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.1.2 Nucleation and Low-Temperature Crystallization
of NR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.2 Template Crystallization: Dynamic Mechanism of Strain-Induced
Crystallization of NR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.2.1 Extended Network Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.2.2 Formation of Template Followed by Instantaneous
Strain-Induced Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.2.3 Prospective Comments on a Kinetic Modeling
of Template Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
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