66. Rassaei L, Olthuis W, Tsujimura S, Sudhölter EJR, van der Berg A (2014) Lactate biosensors:
current status and outlook. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:123–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216013-7307-1
67. Malik AM, Chaudhary R, Pundir CS (2019) An improved enzyme nanoparticles based
amperometric pyruvate biosensor for detection of pyruvate in serum. Enzyme Microb Tecnol
123:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.006
68. Chaudhary R, Joshi A, Srivastava R (2017) pH and urea estimation in urine samples using
single fluorophore and ratiometric fluorescent biosensors. Sci Rep 7:5840. https://doi.org/10.
1038/s41598-017-06060-y
69. Singh M, Verma N, Garg AK, Redhu N (2008) Urea biosensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem
134:345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.04.025
70. Wen Y, Xu J, Liu M, Li D, He H (2012) Amperometric vitamin C biosensor based on the
immobilization of ascorbate oxidase into the biocompatible sandwich-type composite
films. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:2023–2038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9711-y
71. Xu Q, Zhang F, Xu L, Leung P, Yang C, Li H (2017) The applications and prospect of fuel
cells in medical field: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2016.09.042
72. Arslan F, Beskan U (2014) An amperometric biosensor for glucose detection from glucose
oxidase immobilized in polyaniline-polyvinylsulfonate-potassium ferricyanide film. Artif
Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 42:284–288. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2013.812650
73. Meredith MT, Kao DY, Hickey D, Schmidtke DW, Glatzhofer DT (2011) High current
density ferrocene modified linear poly(ethylenimine) bioanodes and their use in biofuel
cells. J Electrochem Soc 158:B166–B174. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3505950
74. Nakabayashi Y, Omayu A, Morii S, Yagi S (2000) Evaluation of osmium(II) complexes
as mediators accessible for biosensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem 66:128–130. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00324-5
75. Ohara TJ (1995) Osmium bipyridyl redox polymers used in enzyme electrodes. Platin Met Rev
39(2):54–62.
76. Raymundo-Pereira PA, Mascarenhas ACV, Teixeira MFS (2016) Evaluation of the
oxo-bridged dinuclear ruthenium ammine complex as redox mediator in an electrochemical
biosensor. Electroanalysis 28:562–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201500479
77. Kosela E, Elzanowska H, Wlodzimierz K (2002) Charge mediation by ruthenium poly(pyridine)
complexes in ‘second-generation’ glucose biosensors based on carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin
polymer membranes. Bioanal Chem 373:724–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1308-9
78. Milton RD, Hickey DP, Abdellaoui S, Lim K, Wu F, Tan B, Minteer SD (2015) Rational
design of quinones for high power density biofuel cells. Chem Sci 6:4867–4875. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C5SC01538C
79. Reuillard B, Le Goff A, Agnes C, Holzinger M, Zebda A, Gondran C, Elouarzaki K, Cosnier S
(2013) High power enzymatic biofuel cell based on naphthoquinone-mediated oxidation of
glucose by glucose oxidase in a carbon nanotube 3D matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys
15:4892–4896. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CP50767J
80. Sekretaryova AN, Vagin MY, Beni V, Turner AP, Karyakin AA (2014) Unsubstituted
phenothiazine as a superior water-insoluble mediator for oxidases. Biosens Bioelectron
53:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.071
81. Pöller S, Shao M, Sygmund C, Ludwig R, Schuhmann W (2013) Low potential biofuel cell
anodes based on redox polymers with covalently bound phenothiazine derivatives for wiring
flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes. Electrochim Acta 110:152–158. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.083
82. Lee D, Kim YH, Park S (2016) Enzyme electrode platform using methyl viologen
electrochemically immobilized on carbon materials. J Electrochem Soc 163:G93–G98.
https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0521608jes
274
O. Verho and J.-E. Bäckvall
current status and outlook. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:123–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216013-7307-1
67. Malik AM, Chaudhary R, Pundir CS (2019) An improved enzyme nanoparticles based
amperometric pyruvate biosensor for detection of pyruvate in serum. Enzyme Microb Tecnol
123:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.006
68. Chaudhary R, Joshi A, Srivastava R (2017) pH and urea estimation in urine samples using
single fluorophore and ratiometric fluorescent biosensors. Sci Rep 7:5840. https://doi.org/10.
1038/s41598-017-06060-y
69. Singh M, Verma N, Garg AK, Redhu N (2008) Urea biosensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem
134:345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.04.025
70. Wen Y, Xu J, Liu M, Li D, He H (2012) Amperometric vitamin C biosensor based on the
immobilization of ascorbate oxidase into the biocompatible sandwich-type composite
films. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:2023–2038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9711-y
71. Xu Q, Zhang F, Xu L, Leung P, Yang C, Li H (2017) The applications and prospect of fuel
cells in medical field: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2016.09.042
72. Arslan F, Beskan U (2014) An amperometric biosensor for glucose detection from glucose
oxidase immobilized in polyaniline-polyvinylsulfonate-potassium ferricyanide film. Artif
Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 42:284–288. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2013.812650
73. Meredith MT, Kao DY, Hickey D, Schmidtke DW, Glatzhofer DT (2011) High current
density ferrocene modified linear poly(ethylenimine) bioanodes and their use in biofuel
cells. J Electrochem Soc 158:B166–B174. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3505950
74. Nakabayashi Y, Omayu A, Morii S, Yagi S (2000) Evaluation of osmium(II) complexes
as mediators accessible for biosensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem 66:128–130. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00324-5
75. Ohara TJ (1995) Osmium bipyridyl redox polymers used in enzyme electrodes. Platin Met Rev
39(2):54–62.
76. Raymundo-Pereira PA, Mascarenhas ACV, Teixeira MFS (2016) Evaluation of the
oxo-bridged dinuclear ruthenium ammine complex as redox mediator in an electrochemical
biosensor. Electroanalysis 28:562–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201500479
77. Kosela E, Elzanowska H, Wlodzimierz K (2002) Charge mediation by ruthenium poly(pyridine)
complexes in ‘second-generation’ glucose biosensors based on carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin
polymer membranes. Bioanal Chem 373:724–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1308-9
78. Milton RD, Hickey DP, Abdellaoui S, Lim K, Wu F, Tan B, Minteer SD (2015) Rational
design of quinones for high power density biofuel cells. Chem Sci 6:4867–4875. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C5SC01538C
79. Reuillard B, Le Goff A, Agnes C, Holzinger M, Zebda A, Gondran C, Elouarzaki K, Cosnier S
(2013) High power enzymatic biofuel cell based on naphthoquinone-mediated oxidation of
glucose by glucose oxidase in a carbon nanotube 3D matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys
15:4892–4896. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CP50767J
80. Sekretaryova AN, Vagin MY, Beni V, Turner AP, Karyakin AA (2014) Unsubstituted
phenothiazine as a superior water-insoluble mediator for oxidases. Biosens Bioelectron
53:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.071
81. Pöller S, Shao M, Sygmund C, Ludwig R, Schuhmann W (2013) Low potential biofuel cell
anodes based on redox polymers with covalently bound phenothiazine derivatives for wiring
flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes. Electrochim Acta 110:152–158. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.083
82. Lee D, Kim YH, Park S (2016) Enzyme electrode platform using methyl viologen
electrochemically immobilized on carbon materials. J Electrochem Soc 163:G93–G98.
https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0521608jes
274
O. Verho and J.-E. Bäckvall