5 Microalgae Production in Fresh Market Wastewater …
85
tilapia fillets (Sarker et al. 2016). The growth performance of tilapia fed on formulated diets with partial substitution of microalgae Chlorella spp. and Scenedesmus
spp. also increased with the increasing replacement of both microalgae species from
0 to 50% microalgae (Bawdy et al. 2008). The researchers also added that the feeding
efficiency of tilapia increase with the increasing of microalgae content up to 50%.
Dawah et al. (2002) found that the food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio
were better when the fish were fed with formulated diets containing 10 and 20% of
dried microalgae. According to Zeinhom (2004), the substitution of microalgae in
fish diet significantly increased the growth performance, and body weight gained on
tilapia increased linearly with the increasing level of microalgae in fish diets at levels
up to 20%.
5.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of microalgae in fish feed as a fishmeal or other feed ingredients’ replacement is not uncommon in aquaculture industry. Due to the high protein composition and other significant macromolecules, microalgae are seen to be a
highly potential to be used in making fish feed commercially. In addition, the high
growth rates of microalgae indicate that this organism is a potential source of protein
substitution in fish feedstock. The high nutritional contents such as carbohydrates,
proteins, antioxidants, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments minerals and vitamins
of microalgae have helped to maintain the good quality of fish production specifically
for tilapia as it is the most popular food fish cultured worldwide. The formulated fish
feed using microalgae as an alternative for protein is seen able to sustain the food
chain and secure the security of food sources in the future.
Acknowledgements The authors also wish to thank The Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology,
Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) under E-Science Fund (02-01-13-SF0135), The
Ministry of Education Malaysia under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS Vote No.
K101) and Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia under Geran Penyelidikan Pasca Siswazah (GPPS
Vote No. H054) for supporting this research.
References
Al-Gheethi AAS, Noman EA, Mohamed RMSR, Apandi NM, Yaakob MA, Pahazri F, Kassim AHM
(2019) Recycle of greywater for microalgae biomass production. In: Management of greywater
in developing countries. Springer, Cham, pp 205–226
Amal MNA, Zamri-Saad M (2011) Streptococcosis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a review.
Pertanika J Tropical Agric Sci 34(2):195–206
Andrade LM, Andrade CJ, Dias M, Nascimento CAO, Mendes MA (2018) Chlorella and Spirulina
microalgae as sources of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements: an overview.
MOJ Food Process Technol 6(1):45–48
85
tilapia fillets (Sarker et al. 2016). The growth performance of tilapia fed on formulated diets with partial substitution of microalgae Chlorella spp. and Scenedesmus
spp. also increased with the increasing replacement of both microalgae species from
0 to 50% microalgae (Bawdy et al. 2008). The researchers also added that the feeding
efficiency of tilapia increase with the increasing of microalgae content up to 50%.
Dawah et al. (2002) found that the food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio
were better when the fish were fed with formulated diets containing 10 and 20% of
dried microalgae. According to Zeinhom (2004), the substitution of microalgae in
fish diet significantly increased the growth performance, and body weight gained on
tilapia increased linearly with the increasing level of microalgae in fish diets at levels
up to 20%.
5.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of microalgae in fish feed as a fishmeal or other feed ingredients’ replacement is not uncommon in aquaculture industry. Due to the high protein composition and other significant macromolecules, microalgae are seen to be a
highly potential to be used in making fish feed commercially. In addition, the high
growth rates of microalgae indicate that this organism is a potential source of protein
substitution in fish feedstock. The high nutritional contents such as carbohydrates,
proteins, antioxidants, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments minerals and vitamins
of microalgae have helped to maintain the good quality of fish production specifically
for tilapia as it is the most popular food fish cultured worldwide. The formulated fish
feed using microalgae as an alternative for protein is seen able to sustain the food
chain and secure the security of food sources in the future.
Acknowledgements The authors also wish to thank The Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology,
Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) under E-Science Fund (02-01-13-SF0135), The
Ministry of Education Malaysia under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS Vote No.
K101) and Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia under Geran Penyelidikan Pasca Siswazah (GPPS
Vote No. H054) for supporting this research.
References
Al-Gheethi AAS, Noman EA, Mohamed RMSR, Apandi NM, Yaakob MA, Pahazri F, Kassim AHM
(2019) Recycle of greywater for microalgae biomass production. In: Management of greywater
in developing countries. Springer, Cham, pp 205–226
Amal MNA, Zamri-Saad M (2011) Streptococcosis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a review.
Pertanika J Tropical Agric Sci 34(2):195–206
Andrade LM, Andrade CJ, Dias M, Nascimento CAO, Mendes MA (2018) Chlorella and Spirulina
microalgae as sources of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements: an overview.
MOJ Food Process Technol 6(1):45–48